“I learn being black from everywhere I go”: Color blindness, travel, and the formation of racial attitudes among African American adolescents

Winkler, Erin N.

doi:10.1108/s1537-4661(2010)0000013019

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This can really be seen in the context of exposing children to impoverished people of color, objectifying individuals so that children of privilege can appreciate their position in the world. In contrast, Winkler () finds that black mothers also use travel as a way to expose their children to people of different races but to different ends and in less patronizing ways given differences in power hierarchies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Racial Socialization: Progressive Fathers on Raising “Antiracist” Children

Hagerman

2016

J of Marriage and Family

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For the past 30 years, the definition of racial socialization has referred to how parents prepare children of color to flourish within a society structured by white supremacy. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with eight white affluent fathers, this study explores fathers' participation in white racial socialization processes. The article focuses on fathers who identify as “progressive” and examines the relationship between fathers' understandings of what it means to raise an “antiracist” child, the explicit and implicit lessons of racial socialization that follow from these understandings, and hegemonic whiteness. Findings illustrate how these fathers understand their role as a white father, how their attempts to raise antiracist children both challenge and reinforce hegemonic whiteness, and what role race and class privilege play in this process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Racial Socialization: Progressive Fathers on Raising “Antiracist” Children

Hagerman

2016

J of Marriage and Family

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“…Moreover, future research might benefit from examining how these risk and resilience processes examined are influenced by culture and community. Individuals and families are embedded in distinct contexts that shape racial socialization practices and condition their effects (Hughes et al 2006;Winkler 2010). The perspective taken in this study is that such practices are adaptations to a racist context, and thus the efficacy of various racial socialization practices, including specific messages and teachings, will differ based on contextual variations that influence the way race shapes institutions and cultures in more localized milieus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Crime: Understanding Mechanisms of Resilience

Burt

Lei²

2017

Social Problems

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Taking a "strength approach" to African American families and cultures, recent research demonstrates that familial racial socialization provides resilience to the criminogenic effects of interpersonal racial discrimination among Black youth. Building on these nascent findings, the present study takes a processoriented approach to understand how racial socialization reduces and counteracts the effects of discrimination on offending. Building on a social schematic theory of offending (Burt & Simons 2011), this study explores whether two social psychological factors, positive racial identities and spirituality, serve as mechanisms through which racial socialization provides resilience. We test our hypotheses with structural equation models using data from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), a longitudinal, multisite study of roughly 700 African American youth and their primary caregivers followed from late childhood to early adulthood. Consistent with our theoretical model, findings suggest that familial racial socialization practices provide resilience to the criminogenic effects of racial discrimination in large part by increasing positive racial identities and spirituality. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

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“…Tacitly adopting a conceptualization of culture as a “toolkit” that serves as an interpretive frame and guide for action (Kirk and Papachristos, ; Swindler, ), this “strength” perspective points to racial socialization as an important racially specific cultural practice that promotes resilience to racial discrimination among minority youth (e.g., Bowman and Howard, ; Essed, ; Hughes et al., ). Broadly, racial socialization has been defined as “the process through which children come to understand their own and others’ identities, roles, and positions vis‐à‐vis race in various contexts, and how race will function in their lives” (Winkler, : 274). It includes verbal, nonverbal, deliberate, and unintended racial messages and lessons (Thornton et al., ).…”

Section: Racial Socialization As a Resilience Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Crime Over Time: A Social Schematic Theory Model

Burt

Lei²

2017

Criminology

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Recent studies evince that interpersonal racial discrimination (IRD) increases the risk of crime among African Americans and familial racial socialization fosters resilience to discrimination's criminogenic effects. Yet, studies have focused on the short‐term effects of IRD and racial socialization largely among adolescents. In this study, we seek to advance knowledge by elucidating how racialized experiences—in interactions and socialization—influence crime for African Americans over time. Elaborating Simons and Burt's (2011) social schematic theory, we trace the effects of childhood IRD and familial racial socialization on adult offending through cognitive and social pathways and their interplay. We test this life‐course SST model using data from the FACHS, a multisite study of Black youth and their families from ages 10 to 25. Consistent with the model, analyses reveal that the criminogenic consequences of childhood IRD are mediated cognitively by a criminogenic knowledge structure and socially through the nature of social relationships in concert with ongoing offending and discrimination experiences. Specifically, by increasing criminogenic cognitive schemas, IRD decreases embeddedness in supportive romantic, educational, and employment relations, which influence social schemas and later crime. Consonant with expectations, the findings also indicate that racial socialization provides enduring resilience by both compensating for and buffering discrimination's criminogenic effects.

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“I learn being black from everywhere I go”: Color blindness, travel, and the formation of racial attitudes among African American adolescents

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

White Racial Socialization: Progressive Fathers on Raising “Antiracist” Children

White Racial Socialization: Progressive Fathers on Raising “Antiracist” Children

Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Crime: Understanding Mechanisms of Resilience

Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Crime Over Time: A Social Schematic Theory Model

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