“…Tacitly adopting a conceptualization of culture as a “toolkit” that serves as an interpretive frame and guide for action (Kirk and Papachristos, ; Swindler, ), this “strength” perspective points to racial socialization as an important racially specific cultural practice that promotes resilience to racial discrimination among minority youth (e.g., Bowman and Howard, ; Essed, ; Hughes et al., ). Broadly, racial socialization has been defined as “the process through which children come to understand their own and others’ identities, roles, and positions vis‐à‐vis race in various contexts, and how race will function in their lives” (Winkler, : 274). It includes verbal, nonverbal, deliberate, and unintended racial messages and lessons (Thornton et al., ).…”