<i>In vivo</i> study of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coexistence in Senegalese sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>)

López-Vázquez, Carmen; Alonso, M. Carmen; Dopazo, Carlos P.; Bandı́n, Isabel

doi:10.1111/jfd.12585

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Alonso, Saint‐Jean, and Pérez‐Prieto () showed that inoculation with a mix of IPNV and IHNV resulted in a reduction in mortality rate (approximately 50% decrease) compared to an experimental infection with a single viral pathogen. Additionally, senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis ) infected with IPNV followed by VHSV demonstrated viral interference via heightened protection, potentially via an increase in Mx gene expression (López‐Vázquez, Alonso, Dopazo, & Bandín, ). In Atlantic salmon, piscine orthoreovirus‐infected fish challenged with IHNV (genotype E) had enhanced survival against IHNV infection and showed decreased infection levels (Vendramin et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Bruce

Oliver

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Co-infection of rainbow trout with infections haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)and Flavobacterium psychrophilum is known to occur, and it has been speculated that a combined infection can result in dramatic losses. Both pathogens can persist in fish in an asymptomatic carrier state, but the impact of co-infection has not been well characterized or documented. In this study, it was hypothesized that fish co-infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV would exhibit greater mortality than fish infected with either pathogen alone. To test this, juvenile rainbow trout were co-infected with low doses of either IHNV or F. psychrophilum, and at 2 days post-initial challenge, they were given a low dose of the reciprocal pathogen. This combined infection caused high mortality (76.2%-100%), while mortality from a single pathogen infection with the same respective dose was low (5%-20%). The onset of mortality was earlier in the co-infected group (3-4 days) when compared with fish infected with F. psychrophilum alone (6 days) or IHNV (5 days), confirming the synergistic interaction between both pathogens. Co-infection led to a significant increase in the number of F. psychrophilum colony-forming units and IHNV plaque-forming units within tissues. This finding confirms that when present together in co-infected fish, both pathogens are more efficiently recovered from tissues. Furthermore, pathogen genes were significantly increased in co-infected groups, which parallel the findings of increased systemic pathogen load. Extensive tissue necrosis and abundant pathogen present intracellularly and extracellularly in haematopoietic tissue. This was pronounced in co-infected fish and likely contributed to the exacerbated clinical signs and higher mortality. This study provides novel insight into host-pathogen interactions related to co-infection by aquatic bacterial and viral pathogens and supports our hypothesis. Such findings confirm that mortality in fish exposed to both pathogens is greatly elevated compared to a single pathogen infection. K E Y W O R D S co-infection, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, IHNV, rainbow trout How to cite this article: Ma J, Bruce TJ, Oliver L, Cain KD. Co-infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis. 2019;42:1065-1076. https ://doi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Bruce

Oliver

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Although the titer of IPNV in our experiment was extremely high, the fish were in good health and the IPNV protected them from other virulent viruses. In this study we used the IPNV virus from genogroup V, but López-Vázquez et al also achieved good results [28] using the virus from genogroup I, and we still do not know what results would be obtained with IPNV from other genogroups with different virulence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Co-infection was also studied by López-Vázquez et al and mortality reduction was also evident [28]. They studied the effect of IPNV+VHSV co-infection on the mortality caused by both viruses in Senegalese sole.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of Selected Immune Parameters in a Single Infection and Co-Infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus with Other Viruses in Rainbow Trout

et al. 2022

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Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) often occurs in an aquatic environment in co-infection with other viruses. In this study, we wanted to investigate the effect of this virus on the course of co-infection with other viruses in rainbow trout. For co-infection we used viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and salmonid alphavirus (SAV) field strains and infected rainbow trout divided into eight groups; I; IPNV, II; IHNV, III; VHSV, I; SAV, V; IPNV+IHNV, VI; IPNV+VHSV, VII; IPNV+SAV, and the control group. We assessed apoptosis in white blood cells and used a real time RT-PCR to analyze RNA obtained from the internal organs of the fish. During single infection and co-infection the level of expression of immune genes such as interferon and toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) was assessed. The highest mortality during the experiment was observed in group III infected by VHSV. The average percentage of apoptotic cells was higher in groups without co-infection, especially in groups II and III. Interferon expression was higher in singly infected groups, the highest being in the heart in group III, while expression of the TLR-3 gene was generally raised in all tested organs in all groups. We found that co-infection with IPNV had a positive impact on the course of infection with the viruses listed because it lowered mortality, reduced apoptosis in co-infected cells, and positively affected fish health.

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“…Many species of fish other than cyprinid and salmonid fish are known to be susceptible to ssRNA virus infections, also displaying a subsequent activation of the interferon pathway. In Pleuronectiformes (flatfish species), a potent induction of ifn and mx gene expression have been detected after challenge with rhabdoviruses HIRRV (hirame novirhabdovirus) and VHSV [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ], with up to 16.000-fold increment of ifn levels at day 3 after VHSV infection. Likewise, high RNA expression levels of mx has been measured in the kidney and spleen of VHSV-infected perch [ 69 ].…”

Section: Ssrna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection—An Overview of Five Major Antiviral Genes

Ortega-Villaizán¹,

Chico²,

Pérez³

2022

Viruses

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Fish viral diseases represent a constant threat to aquaculture production. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing an antiviral state associated with protection against virus replication and pathogenesis is paramount for a sustainable aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on five selected host innate immune-related genes in response to the most relevant viral pathogens in fish farming. Viruses have been classified as ssRNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA according to their genomes, in order to shed light on what those viruses may share in common and what response may be virus-specific, both in vitro (cell culture) as well as in vivo. Special emphasis has been put on trying to identify markers of resistance to viral pathogenesis. That is, those genes more often associated with protection against viral disease, a key issue bearing in mind potential applications into the aquaculture industry.

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In vivo study of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coexistence in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Comparison of Selected Immune Parameters in a Single Infection and Co-Infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus with Other Viruses in Rainbow Trout

Fish Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection—An Overview of Five Major Antiviral Genes

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