<i>In vivo</i> studies of the biosynthesis of vernolic acid in the seed of <i>Vernonia galamensis</i>

Liu, Linsen; Hammond, Earl G.; Nikolau, Basil J.

doi:10.1007/s11745-998-0326-3

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Based on radiolabeling studies conducted with developing Momordica charantia seeds, fatty acid conjugases appear to use fatty acids linked principally to phosphatidylcholine (PC) as substrates (Liu et al, 1997). This is similar to what has been shown for the typical FAD2 that generates the D 12 double bond of linoleic acid (Slack et al, 1978;Stymne and Appelqvist, 1978) as well as divergent FAD2s associated with the synthesis of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids (Bafor et al, 1991;Liu et al, 1998). Based on what is known for the metabolism of other unusual fatty acids, one or more additional steps are likely required for the selective removal of conjugated fatty acids from PC for storage in triacylglycerol (TAG) in seeds (Voelker and Kinney, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

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Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds

et al. 2006

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…from three independent analyses of TAG isolated from the transgenic soybean and Arabidopsis seeds. with FAD2-related hydroxylases and epoxygenases (Bafor et al, 1991;Liu et al, 1998). Conjugated fatty acids in the transgenic soybean and Arabidopsis seeds were also enriched in the sn-2 position of TAG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds

et al. 2006

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“…The composition of the sn-2 position of the TAG was observed after using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis according to Luddy et al (18), except that chloroform was used in place of diethyl ether because the HS oil was more soluble in chloroform. The 2-monoglycerides were isolated and converted to methyl esters for gas-liquid chromatography analysis (16,19). Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the TAG was done using AOCS official method Ce 5c-93 (12).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trans‐free margarine from highly saturated soybean oil

Kok

Fehr

Hammond

et al. 1999

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Highly saturated (HS) soybean oil (SBO), which contained 23.3% palmitic acid (C 16:0 ) and 20.0% stearic acid (C 18:0 ), was interesterified at 70°C in preparation for the processing of a trans-free margarine. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the triacylglycerides and analysis of the sn-2 fatty acid composition showed no further change after 10 min of interesterification. The interesterified HS SBO had a slip melting point of 34.5°C, compared with 9.5°C in the noninteresterified HS SBO, and increased melting and crystallization temperatures were found using differential scanning calorimetry. Analysis of solid-fat content by nuclear magnetic resonance revealed the presence of only a small amount of solids above 33°C. A 50:50 blend of interesterified HS SBO and SBO with a typical fatty acid composition was used to make the margarine. Compared to commercial soft-tub margarine, the maximal peak force on the texture analyzer of this blended margarine was about 2.3 times greater, the hardness about 2.6 times greater, and adhesiveness about 1.5 times greater. There were small but statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) in the sensory properties of spreadability, graininess, and waxiness between the commercial and blended margarines at 4.5°C and, except for graininess, at 11.5°C. These very small differences suggest a potential use for HS SBO in margarine products. FIG. 2.Representative cooling and heating differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of noninteresterified HS SBO and HS SBO interesterified at 70°C (n = 2). See Figure 1 for abbreviation.

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“…These fatty acids are also produced by variant forms of the Δ12 oleic acid desaturase. As with conjugases, the variant FAD2 hydroxylases, epoxygenases, and acetylenases use fatty acids bound to phosphatidylcholine and possibly other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, as substrates [16,20,21]. The products of these enzymes must be efficiently metabolized from phospholipids for storage at high levels in TAGs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mining the bitter melon (momordica charantial.) seed transcriptome by 454 analysis of non-normalized and normalized cDNA populations for conjugated fatty acid metabolism-related genes

Yang

Shipp

et al. 2010

BMC Plant Biol

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BackgroundSeeds of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) produce high levels of eleostearic acid, an unusual conjugated fatty acid with industrial value. Deep sequencing of non-normalized and normalized cDNAs from developing bitter melon seeds was conducted to uncover key genes required for biotechnological transfer of conjugated fatty acid production to existing oilseed crops. It is expected that these studies will also provide basic information regarding the metabolism of other high-value novel fatty acids.ResultsDeep sequencing using 454 technology with non-normalized and normalized cDNA libraries prepared from bitter melon seeds at 18 DAP resulted in the identification of transcripts for the vast majority of known genes involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The non-normalized library provided a transcriptome profile of the early stage in seed development that highlighted the abundance of transcripts for genes encoding seed storage proteins as well as for a number of genes for lipid metabolism-associated polypeptides, including Δ12 oleic acid desaturases and fatty acid conjugases, class 3 lipases, acyl-carrier protein, and acyl-CoA binding protein. Normalization of cDNA by use of a duplex-specific nuclease method not only increased the overall discovery of genes from developing bitter melon seeds, but also resulted in the identification of 345 contigs with homology to 189 known lipid genes in Arabidopsis. These included candidate genes for eleostearic acid metabolism such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2, and a phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1-related enzyme. Transcripts were also identified for a novel FAD2 gene encoding a functional Δ12 oleic acid desaturase with potential implications for eleostearic acid biosynthesis.Conclusions454 deep sequencing, particularly with normalized cDNA populations, was an effective method for mining of genes associated with eleostearic acid metabolism in developing bitter melon seeds. The transcriptomic data presented provide a resource for the study of novel fatty acid metabolism and for the biotechnological production of conjugated fatty acids and possibly other novel fatty acids in established oilseed crops.

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In vivo studies of the biosynthesis of vernolic acid in the seed of Vernonia galamensis

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds

Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds

Trans‐free margarine from highly saturated soybean oil

Mining the bitter melon (momordica charantial.) seed transcriptome by 454 analysis of non-normalized and normalized cDNA populations for conjugated fatty acid metabolism-related genes

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