In vivo goat brain model for neurosurgical training

Abstract

Background: Novice neurosurgeons require neurosurgical technique training, but the current method is demanding and time consuming. Therefore, it is crucial to perform training using an appropriate and informative method. In this report, we describe our attempts to provide training in neurosurgical techniques using goat in vivo brain model and to demonstrate the effectiveness of this model. Methods: Under general anesthesia, the surgery was performed on a male goat in the prone position. A midline liner skin incision was made in the scalp, six burr holes were drilled, a craniectomy was performed, and the dura was incised in an arcuate fashion. We attempted the interhemispheric approach and a retrosigmoid approach. Results: It was confirmed that common neurosurgical approaches are achievable in this model. Furthermore, anatomical structures such as nerves and blood vessels were similar to those of humans. Moreover, the goat brain was similar in color and texture to that of humans. Conclusion: Unlike a cadaver brain, in vivo brain requires hemostasis and careful dissection, which provides the surgeons a realistic experience of actual neurosurgery.

The development of a new, ultra-fine, and flexible neuroendoscope for intracranial observation

“…We recently reported the usefulness of in vivo goat brain model in neurosurgical training. [ 11 ] The goat brain has a human-like brain texture and anatomical structures such as blood vessels and nerves that are similar to those of humans. Since in vivo goat brain model is not a cadaveric brain, it allows for realistic training such as a hemostatic manipulation in a pulsating brain and blood vessel.…”

“…Since in vivo goat brain model is not a cadaveric brain, it allows for realistic training such as a hemostatic manipulation in a pulsating brain and blood vessel. [ 11 ] In addition, it was indicated that the interhemispheric and the retrosigmoid approaches are possible. [ 11 ] The present study used an in vivo goat model and indicated the usefulness of this model not only for neurosurgical technique training but also for neuroendoscopic research.…”

“…[ 11 ] In addition, it was indicated that the interhemispheric and the retrosigmoid approaches are possible. [ 11 ] The present study used an in vivo goat model and indicated the usefulness of this model not only for neurosurgical technique training but also for neuroendoscopic research.…”

“…Anesthesia was maintained with 2% isoflurane and 100% O 2 at 1.5–2.0 ml/min. [ 11 ] Craniotomies were performed by placing the animals in the prone position and orientating the head such that midline skin incisions of the scalp could be safely carried out. The craniotomy was carried out in a size of 6 cm × 6 cm with an air tome.…”

“…In this report, the angioscope was examined to determine its potential for use as a new neuroendoscope that is safer and easier to handle than conventional neuroendoscopic manipulation using an in vivo goat brain model. [ 11 ]…”