<i>In Vivo</i>Development of Outer Retinal Synapses in the Absence of Glial Contact

Williams, Paul R.; Suzuki, Sachihiro C.; Yoshimatsu, Takeshi; Lawrence, Owen; Waldron, Steven; Parsons, Michael; Nonet, Michael L.; Wong, Rachel

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3391-10.2010

Cited by 50 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…served in mammals (Bushong et al 2004), and ablation of astrocytes from regions of the neuropil leads to the expansion of remaining astrocytes into the astrocyte-depleted regions . Similar results were found in studies of zebrafish muller glia (MG); MG tiled with one another and ablation of single MG led to compensatory growth by surrounding MG to fill in MG-depleted areas (Williams et al 2010). The molecular basis of how astrocytes tile with one another remains completely unexplored in any organism.…”

Section: Astrocytessupporting

confidence: 66%

DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia

Freeman

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

247

282

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Molecular genetic approaches in small model organisms like Drosophila have helped to elucidate fundamental principles of neuronal cell biology. Much less is understood about glial cells, although interest in using invertebrate preparations to define their in vivo functions has increased significantly in recent years. This review focuses on our current understanding of the three major neuron-associated glial cell types found in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS)-astrocytes, cortex glia, and ensheathing glia. Together, these cells act like mammalian astrocytes: they surround neuronal cell bodies and proximal neurites, are coupled to the vasculature, and associate closely with synapses. Exciting recent work has shown essential roles for these CNS glial cells in neural circuit formation, function, plasticity, and pathology. As we gain a more firm molecular and cellular understanding of how Drosophila CNS glial cells interact with neurons, it is becoming clear they share significant molecular and functional attributes with mammalian astrocytes. Invertebrate preparations have contributed enormously to our understanding of fundamental principles of nervous system biology, including the chemical and electrophysiological basis of the action potential, synaptic vesicle release, neural cell fate specification, and axon pathfinding. This is largely thanks to the high experimental accessibility, ease of culture, rapid growth, and the panoply of molecular genetic tools with which to manipulate individual cells in vivo in organisms like Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. The focus of many neuroscientists has shifted in recent years toward careful exploration of how glial cells participate in nervous system development, neural circuit function and plasticity, and neurological disease. Based on the remarkable success with which invertebrates were used to dissect fundamental aspects of the cell biology of the neuron, interest in the potential of small genetic model organisms to contribute to unraveling the mysteries of glial cells has grown significantly. This article will provide a brief overview of Drosophila glial cell biology, then focus on fly glial cell subtypes that are tightly associated with neurons in the central nervous system (CNS)-astrocytes, ensheathing glia, and cortex glia. A growing body of work argues strongly that these glia share a range morphological and functional features with mammalian astrocytes, and recent molecular studies indicate that conservation of basic glial cell biology extends, perhaps not surprisingly, to the molecular level.

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Section: Astrocytessupporting

confidence: 66%

DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia

Freeman

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

247

282

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“…Human NRG1 type III was cloned into pBH mcs (Williams et al, 2010) that was modified to include 14 UAS recognition sites and an E1b basal promoter (Matthew G. Voas and W.S.T., unpublished). Supercoiled plasmid and transposase RNA (25 pg each) were injected into embryos at the onecell stage (Kawakami, 2004).…”

Section: Generation Of Hnrg1type Iii:uas Transgenic Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal Neuregulin 1 type III directs Schwann cell migration

et al. 2011

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SUMMARYDuring peripheral nerve development, each segment of a myelinated axon is matched with a single Schwann cell. Tight regulation of Schwann cell movement, proliferation and differentiation is essential to ensure that these glial cells properly associate with axons. ErbB receptors are required for Schwann cell migration, but the operative ligand and its mechanism of action have remained unknown. We demonstrate that zebrafish Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) type III, which signals through ErbB receptors, controls Schwann cell migration in addition to its previously known roles in proliferation and myelination. Chimera analyses indicate that ErbB receptors are required in all migrating Schwann cells, and that Nrg1 type III is required in neurons for migration. Surprisingly, expression of the ligand in a few axons is sufficient to induce migration along a chimeric nerve constituted largely of nrg1 type III mutant axons. These studies also reveal a mechanism that allows Schwann cells to fasciculate axons regardless of nrg1 type III expression. Time-lapse imaging of transgenic embryos demonstrated that misexpression of human NRG1 type III results in ectopic Schwann cell migration, allowing them to aberrantly enter the central nervous system. These results demonstrate that Nrg1 type III is an essential signal that controls Schwann cell migration to ensure that these glia are present in the correct numbers and positions in developing nerves.

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“…All animal work was approved by Local Ethical Review Committee at the University of Cambridge and performed according to the protocols of UK Home Office licence PPL 80/2198. Atoh7:gapRFP (Zolessi et al, 2006), Ptf1a:cytGFP (Godinho et al, 2005), Ptf1a:Gal4/UAS:gapYFP (Pisharath and Parsons, 2009;Williams et al, 2010), Vsx1:cytGFP and Vsx2:cyt dsRed (Kimura et al, 2006;Vitorino et al, 2009) transgenic lines have been described previously. The Crx:gapCFP transgenic line was generated by injection of the Crx promoter driving gap CFP DNA construct .…”

Section: Animals and Transgenic Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrum of Fates: a new approach to the study of the developing zebrafish retina

Almeida¹,

Boije²,

Chow³

et al. 2014

Development

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The ability to image cells live and in situ as they proliferate and differentiate has proved to be an invaluable asset to biologists investigating developmental processes. Here, we describe a Spectrum of Fates approach that allows the identification of all the major neuronal subtypes in the zebrafish retina simultaneously. Spectrum of Fates is based on the combinatorial expression of differently coloured fluorescent proteins driven by the promoters of transcription factors that are expressed in overlapping subsets of retinal neurons. Here, we show how a Spectrum of Fates approach can be used to assess various aspects of neural development, such as developmental waves of differentiation, neuropil development, lineage tracing and hierarchies of fates in the developing zebrafish retina.

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In VivoDevelopment of Outer Retinal Synapses in the Absence of Glial Contact

Cited by 50 publications

References 59 publications

DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia

DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia

Neuronal Neuregulin 1 type III directs Schwann cell migration

Spectrum of Fates: a new approach to the study of the developing zebrafish retina

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