In VivoandIn VitroStudies of Seaweed Compounds

Bioavailability of iodine species from various commercially consumed seaweed species

“…It has been reported before that in vitro studies are not always representative for the human body, which could explain the differences between the reported results of the in vitro studies and the human intervention studies (Gonzalez et al, 2011). Therefore, only the reported results from the human intervention study will be used for the concluding statements.…”

New Analytical Strategy for Bioaccessibility Evaluation of Bromine and Iodine from Edible Seaweeds

“…14 Procedures simulating human digestion such as in vitro and in vivo protocols have been used to estimate elemental bioaccessibility and bioavailability. 15 Bioaccessible fraction of an analyte is released from the food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the bioavailability is characterized by the soluble fraction of the element in the gastrointestinal fluid that is absorbed during digestion and transformed into metabolically active forms. 16 Determining the bioaccessibility of elements such as bromine and iodine is still a challenge, as it depends on the sample matrix, the chemical form of the analytes, and the experimental protocol used.…”

“…Considering these complex mechanisms, the information about the total content of trace elements in foodstuffs leaves a gap in knowledge to understand elemental effects on the organism, being necessary to assess the bioavailable fraction for humans . Procedures simulating human digestion such as in vitro and in vivo protocols have been used to estimate elemental bioaccessibility and bioavailability . Bioaccessible fraction of an analyte is released from the food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the bioavailability is characterized by the soluble fraction of the element in the gastrointestinal fluid that is absorbed during digestion and transformed into metabolically active forms .…”

“…These methods present some important advantages such as being faster, less expensive, and less labor-intensive, and they do not have ethical restrictions compared with in vivo protocols. Moreover, the possibility of choosing controlled conditions and the facility of sampling interest site protocols allow the measurement of a relatively large number of samples simultaneously, resulting in suitable reproducibility. − , The simulation of digestion takes place in three phases (oral, gastric, and small intestine), sometimes fermentation in the large intestine can also be considered. The main experimental control points of in vitro methods are the presence of enzymes and their concentrations; pH of the medium; time in each stage of digestion; and salt concentrations .…”