<i>In vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant

Nakari, Tarja; Huhtala, Sami

doi:10.1002/tox.20499

Cited by 73 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The concentrations of BTBPE, which has limited toxicity data (see SI Table SI4), were similar between 2006 and 2011. In contrast, concentrations of DBDPE, structurally similar to BDE 209 and associated with reproductive and developmental toxicities, 46 were generally higher in 2011 (Table 1 and Figure 1), and two homes had substantial (>20-fold) increases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California

Dodson

Perovich

Covaci

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

485

395

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Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state’s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California’s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated “Tris,” which was banned in children’s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California

Dodson

Perovich

Covaci

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

485

395

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“…Toxicological data on the emerging BFRs are very scarce [17][18][19][20][21]. The similarities in physico-chemical properties suggest similar behavior to PBDEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Clean-up method for determination of established and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust

2012

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A clean-up method was developed to enable the determination of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers, isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in the same dust sample extract using reasonable amounts of solvents and without dividing the sample. After extraction, the sample was separated on a silica column into three fractions that were subsequently cleaned up individually. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and DBDPE were eluted in Fraction I, TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE in Fraction II, and HBCDs in Fraction III. Fractions I and II were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fraction III using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method gave good recoveries (60-120%), precise results using (13) C-labelled internal standards and was accurate when comparing results to certified values (PBDEs in NIST SRM 2585). The method was applied to dust samples from the Stockholm (Sweden) area. All the emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) studied, except BTBPE, were present in all the samples in quantifiable concentrations, often higher than the PBDEs. BTBPE was quantified in only one sample. It is evident that emerging BFRs are present in Swedish homes, and these compounds should be included in the BFR analyses of indoor environments.

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“…Due to the phase out of PBDEs (Abbasi et al, 2015), alternative halogenated (NFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are now widely used in consumer products as substitutes (McDonough et al, 2016). PBDEs and NHRs can accumulate in humans (Leonetti et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2015) and thus numerous adverse health effects could occur ( Costa and Giordano, 2007;Nakari and Huhtala, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected organohalogenated flame retardants in Egyptian indoor and outdoor environments: Levels, sources and implications for human exposure

Khairy

Lohmann

2018

Science of The Total Environment

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There is scant information on the presence of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other alternative flame-retardants (NFRs) in Africa. Hence, to investigate their levels, sources, and human exposure scenarios, elevated fine dust (EFD) samples from apartments (n = 12), working places (n = 9) and cars (n = 12), floor dust (FD) samples (n = 5) and outdoor dust samples (n = 21) were collected from Alexandria, Egypt, during 2014. Gaseous concentrations were estimated using low density polyethylene sheets (n = 33 and 21 for indoor and outdoor sites, respectively). Indoor gaseous and dust PBDE (7.0-300 pg/m; 4.0-770 ng/g), and NFR (0.40-48 pg/m; 0.50-8.5 ng/g) concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.004-0.02) than outdoor concentrations (PBDEs: 3.0-41 pg/m, 1.5-195 ng/g; NFRs: 0.20-13 pg/m, 0.50-4.0 ng/g). Median PBDE concentration in cars (210 ng/g) was higher than in apartments and working places (130  ng/g respectively). PBDE concentrations in FD were 7.0-14-folds lower than EFD concentrations. Outdoor PBDE concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.01) at residential-industrial places with older buildings. All samples were dominated by BDE-47 and 99. HBB, BTBPE and DDC-CO were the most abundant NFRs in EFD samples. Profiles of PBDE and NFR in FD closely matched those of outdoor dust, indicating a possible carryover from the outdoor environment. Although factors such as number of electronics, construction year and floor type significantly correlated with the majority of PBDE congeners and some NFRs in apartments and working places, sources were not clearly identified for NFRs. Significant log-linear relationships were obtained between theoretical and calculated dust-air partitioning coefficients for all samples indicating an equilibrium state between dust and vapor. Low possibility of occurrence of adverse health effects was concluded, with the inhalation pathway (for adults) and dust ingestion (for children) acting as the most important exposure routes.

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In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant

Cited by 73 publications

References 27 publications

After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California

After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California

Clean-up method for determination of established and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust

Selected organohalogenated flame retardants in Egyptian indoor and outdoor environments: Levels, sources and implications for human exposure

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