-The aim of the paper is to analyze validity of new methods applicable for cardiac surgery intra-operation inspection. In vivo measurements on pigs using passive and active thermography as well as electroimpedance spectroscopy applied to investigation of the heart tissue properties during open chest cardiac surgery are related. The measurement results clearly show that each of proposed modalities is giving different information valuable for evaluation of the heart muscle biological properties. This information may have very high importance in terms of intra-operation inspection as well as for decisions of proper medical interventions. Series of cardiac operations on anaesthetized pigs involving controlled heart infarct followed by extensive histopathologic study allowed to made objective evaluation of the value of the discussed methods. Keywords -Thermography, bio-electroimpedance spectroscopy, heart inspection, cardio-surgery
I. INTRODUCTIONOne of the main goals of using modern technology for inspection of open-heart surgery is to decrease the number of post-operation complications and mortality. We are concentrating our notice on thermographic methods [1,2,3] and on electroimpedance measurement instrumentation [4]. Those are non-invasive and safe methods, developed also in other laboratories [5,6,7,8,9]. But even in vitro and in vivo experiments on human tissues show high practical importance of the methods still reliable reference data are necessary for proving validity of those techniques. Here we discuss some in vivo experiments on domestic pigs followed by full histopathologic study of inspected hearts to compare the measured data with the reliable knowledge of the state of a tested heart muscle.
II. METHODOLOGYThere is no other animal having the heart and the circulation system so close to the human than domestic swine. Experiments on pigs were carried out according to the permission of the Local Committee for Ethics and Good Practice. Experiments on 5 pigs of average weight 32±3 kilograms are here reported. Blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and heart temperature of a tested pig were measured simultaneously. The pigs were intubated after induction. Then, Fentanyl and NO continued the anesthesia. The thorax cavity was opened using the sternum approach as it is shown in Fig.1. Two parts of the pericardium were opened out. By clamping the left descending artery (LAD) the myocardial infarction was induced. The artery was clamped in the proximity of the first diagonal artery as it is shown in Fig. 2a. The infarction zone around the left ventricle wall, shown in the cross-section - Fig. 2b, was examined over a period of about four hours after which the pigs died, usually as a result of arrhythmia. The effect of the infarct on the tissue structure was examined basing on micro-histopathologic investigation as it is shown in Fig. 3. The destroyed tissue is from the left ventricle wall -this region may be seen on the left bottom side in Fig. 2b.
THERMOGRAPHIC AND ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR CA...