In Vitro Viral Evolution Identifies a Critical Residue in the Alphaherpesvirus Fusion Glycoprotein B Ectodomain That Controls gH/gL-Independent Entry

Abstract

Herpesvirus entry and spread requires fusion of viral and host cell membranes, which is mediated by the conserved surface glycoprotein B (gB). Upon activation, gB undergoes a major conformational change and transits from a metastable prefusion to a stable postfusion conformation. Although gB is a structural homolog of low-pH-triggered class III fusogens, its fusion activity depends strictly on the presence of the conserved regulatory gH/gL complex and nonconserved receptor binding proteins, which ensure that fusion occurs at the right time and space. How gB maintains its prefusion conformation and how gB fusogenicity is controlled remain poorly understood. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a naturally selected pseudorabies virus (PrV) gB able to mediate efficient gH/gL-independent virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. We found that the control exerted on gB by the accompanying viral proteins is mediated via its cytosolic domain (CTD). Whereas gB variants lacking the CTD are inactive, a single mutation of a conserved asparagine residue in an alpha-helical motif of the ectodomain recently shown to be at the core of the gB prefusion trimer compensated for CTD absence and uncoupled gB from regulatory viral proteins, resulting in a hyperfusion phenotype. This phenotype was transferred to gB homologs from different alphaherpesvirus genera. Overall, our data propose a model in which the central helix acts as a molecular switch for the gB pre-to-postfusion transition by conveying the structural status of the endo- to the ectodomain, thereby governing their cross talk for fusion activation, providing a new paradigm for herpesvirus fusion regulation. IMPORTANCE The class III fusion protein glycoprotein B (gB) drives membrane fusion during entry and spread of herpesviruses. To mediate fusion, gB requires activation by the conserved gH/gL complex by a poorly defined mechanism. A detailed molecular-level understanding of herpesvirus membrane fusion is of fundamental virological interest and has considerable potential for the development of new therapeutics blocking herpesvirus cell invasion and spread. Using in vitro evolution and targeted mutagenesis of three different animal alphaherpesviruses, we identified a single conserved amino acid in a regulatory helix in the center of the gB ectodomain that enables efficient gH/gL-independent entry and plays a crucial role in the pre-to-postfusion transition of gB. Our results propose that the central helix is a key regulatory element involved in the intrastructural signal transduction between the endo- and ectodomain for fusion activation. This study expands our understanding of herpesvirus membrane fusion and uncovers potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Caught in the Act: targeted mutagenesis of the herpesvirus fusogen central helix captures transition states

“…In contrast to WT HSV-1 gB, which shows a partial transition, WT VZV gB on EVs fully transitions to the postfusion conformation suggesting that VZV gB is a highly metastable fusogen. In addition to the membrane, our previous studies have demonstrated the likely requirement of the gH-gL heterodimer to keep VZV gB locked in place 4–7 , which is also supported by recent findings with pseudorabies virus (PrV) and HSV-1 gB 8–10 . The overall requirement for the structural integrity of the gB DIII central helix was demonstrated by consequences of the proline mutations at E526 and V528 for gB-mediated fusion, gB maturation, viral replication and cell-cell spread.…”

A surface pocket in the cytoplasmic domain of the herpes simplex virus fusogen gB controls membrane fusion

“…Third, it is unknown how the signal from the destabilized gB CTD trimer is transmitted to the gB ectodomain on the other side of the membrane. A recent study suggested that a conserved regulatory helix in the gB ectodomain proximal to the membrane may be involved in the transduction of the triggering signal from the cytoplasmic domain to the ectodomain [ 63 ]. Further studies are needed to decipher how gH/gL interacts with and activates gB and how the gB structure changes in response to this interaction.…”

A surface pocket in the cytoplasmic domain of the herpes simplex virus fusogen gB controls membrane fusion

“…Second, it is unknown how the signal from the destabilized gB CTD trimer is transmitted to the gB ectodomain on the other side of the membrane. A recent study suggested that a conserved regulatory helix in the gB ectodomain proximal to the membrane may be involved in the transduction of the triggering signal from the cytoplasmic domain to the ectodomain [56]. Further studies are needed to decipher how gH/gL interacts with and activates gB and how the gB structure changes in response to this interaction.…”