In vitrostudy on cytotoxic effect and anti-DENV2 activity ofCarica papayaL. leaf

Abstract

Dengue fever is the most deleterious and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease, and to date it has resisted attempts to eradicate it. Carica papaya L. leaf extract is traditionally used to cure dengue fever and its associated symptoms. However, no in vitro studies have been reported for the anti-dengue efficacy of this extract. So, the present study attempted to determine the phytochemicals present in Carica papaya L. leaf extracts, as well as their cytotoxic effect and anti-DENV2 activity on the LLC-MK2 cell line. Methanolic extracts, containing triterpenoids and flavonoids, showed cytotoxic effects (CC 50 = 0.6156 mg ml −1 ), whereas a chloroform extract, rich in alkaloids, tannin and saponin, was non-cytotoxic (CC 50 = > 1 mg ml −1 ) to LLC-MK2 cells and it showed inhibitory activity (EC 50 = > 1 mg ml −1 ) against DENV2 with a selectivity index value of ± > 1. This indicates that the crude chloroform extract has moderate or less inhibitory action against DENV2 growth in in vitro conditions. The current study will help in the future development of new and novel drugs against dengue pathogens with high efficacy.

Medicinal plants used in managing diseases of the respiratory system among the Luo community: an appraisal of Kisumu East Sub-County, Kenya

“…However, drowsiness in doses between 1200 and 5000 mg/kg was reported [ 77 ] The compounds isolated from the methanol stem bark fraction (resveratrol derivatives) were reported to have low cytotoxicity on prostate cancer cell lines [ 78 ]. The ethanol root extract was reported to be nontoxic in brine shrimp larvae [ 74 ] Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol) Chiov Chest complaints, cough, fever, pneumonia [ 79 ], yellow fever [ 80 ], common cold, malaria [ 81 ], Aspergillosis [ 82 ] Fungicidal activity against Fusarium species (Acetone extract) [ 83 ] antimycobacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. epidermis, M. luteus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae ) [ 84 ] in vitro (Hole plate diffusion method, microdilution method) [ 83 ], in vitro (Bioautography assay) [ 84 ] The acetone leaf extract was reported to be cytotoxic against cancer cell lines [ 85 ] Carica papaya L. Malaria, liver disease [ 12 ], tuberculosis [ 30 ], malaria, [ 86 , 87 ], fever [ 18 ] Antibacterial activity (Methanol root extract) [ 88 ], antitumour activity and immunomodulatory effects (Aqueous leaf extract) [ 89 ] in vitro (Cup plate agar diffusion method) [ 88 ], in vitro (Cell viability assay, caspase assay, microarray analysis) [ 89 ] The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts were reported to be cytotoxic on human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC25 cell lines [ 90 ] The aqueous leaf extract was reported to disrupt cell division and to induce mitotic spindle disturbance in Allium cepa [ 91 ] The methanol leaf extract was reported to be cytotoxic against LLC-MK2 cell lines [ 92 ] The aqueous leaf extract was reported to be non-toxic in Sprague Dawley rats at a 2000 mg/kg dose [ …”

“…Malaria, liver disease [12], tuberculosis [30], malaria, [86,87], fever [18] Antibacterial activity (Methanol root extract) [88], antitumour activity and immunomodulatory effects (Aqueous leaf extract) [89] in vitro (Cup plate agar diffusion method) [88], in vitro (Cell viability assay, caspase assay, microarray analysis) [89] The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts were reported to be cytotoxic on human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC25 cell lines [90] The aqueous leaf extract was reported to disrupt cell division and to induce mitotic spindle disturbance in Allium cepa [91] The methanol leaf extract was reported to be cytotoxic against LLC-MK2 cell lines [92] The aqueous leaf extract was reported to be non-toxic in Sprague Dawley rats at a 2000 mg/kg dose [93] No morphological alterations were reported in Sprague Dawley rats treated with a 28-day repeated oral dose of 2000 mg/kg [94] Aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts were reported to be nontoxic at doses of up to 5000 mg/kg [95] The methanol leaf, root, and stem bark extracts were reported to be nontoxic against MRC- 5 Croton megalocarpus Del.…”

Medicinal Uses of Carica Papaya

“…Fresh leaves are used to cure gastrointestinal problems and hepatic disease and it also acts as anti-inflammatory and natural abortion agent. In India, traditional Siddha medicinal systems prescribe C. papaya L leaf extract to patients with dengue fever symptoms [43].  Daily consumption of leaves helps to prevent malaria in Indonesia, aqueous extracts of papaya leaves consumption also increases platelets WBC and neutrophils counts ( especially in dengue patients).…”

Network analysis, sequence and structure dynamics of key proteins of coronavirus and human host, and molecular docking of selected phytochemicals of nine medicinal plants

“…In vitro antiviral activity of Irvingia gabonensis extract against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been reported (Abdurahman et al, 1995). In vitro and pilot study have reported antiviral activity of Carica papaya leaves aqueous extract against dengue virus (Sathyapalan et al, 2020;Sharma et al, 2019;Joseph et al, 2015), through inhibition of the viral non-structural 2B and 3 (NS2B-NS3) protease complex which is crucial for virus replication (Senthilvel et al, 2013) and this is similar to the mechanism reported for simeprevir (Verbinnen et al, 2015) and clemizole (Einav et al, 2008). Carica papaya and Corchorus olitorius have been used to treat asthma properties in Nigerian traditional medicine (Erinoso & Aworinde, 2012).…”