In Vitro Selection for Improved Plant Resistance to Toxin‐Producing Pathogens

Abstract

Simultaneously with the progress in plant biotechnology since the 1980s, new methods in plant pathology have been developed. This review summarizes papers that cover basic research on the effects of selective agents on in vitro cultures of host plants, as well as applications of agents in regeneration systems that result in lines with increased variability in resistance or susceptibility. The first part of the study deals with theoretical aspects of the interactions between plants and toxin-producing pathogens, mode of phytotoxic action, and host-and non-host-selective toxins. The second part lists and describes various agents used for selections in vitro. In the last two decades more than 100 publications focused on these selections for the improvement of resistance to plant pathogens. Over 30 plant species were examined to utilise various selection agents extracted from about 40 plant pathogens. The review covers basic research studies and methods that elucidate the relationships between in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of resistance, but also try to develop practical applications to obtain resistant breeding lines. Such methods often utilise some type of explant cultures of the host plants that are treated with various selective agents (culture filtrates, toxins, elicitors), which then elicit typical reactions that parallel those by the pathogens. Their application successfully resulted in resistant lines in banana, carnation, grapevine, strawberry and wheat. Nowadays, these techniques are an important complement to classical breeding methods.

IN VITRO SELECTION ON FUSARIC ACID OF Vanilla planifolia PLANTLETS FOR OBTAINING A CULTIVAR, WHICH RESISTANT TO Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae

“…The tolerant FA concentration on plantlet selection with vanilla steady growth was between 90 ppm-110 ppm. They showed yields in plantlet vanilla at about 17,14 % (90 ppm), 12,00% (100 ppm) and 10,59 % (110 ppm), all of them insensitive to FA (Table 1) Phenotype plants insensitive toward FA may occurred as a result of peroxides enzymes on plant variants that detoxification toxins (Jayasankar et al, 2000;Saravanan, 2004;Svabova & Lebeda, 2005).…”

Actividad fitotóxica del filtrado crudo de colletotrichum gloeosporioides en cardamomo (elettaria cardamomum)

“…El término fitotoxina se refiere a cualquier producto del patógeno que es dañino a la planta hospedera, el cual puede ser de tipo proteico o ser un compuesto de bajo peso molecular. Las fitotoxinas tienen dos propiedades importantes: i) Son activas a muy bajas concentraciones y ii) son móviles dentro de la planta, y por lo tanto pueden actuar a distancia del sitio de infección (Yoder, 1998;Svabova & Lebeda, 2005).…”

Avaliação da capacidade de produzir fitotoxinas in vitro por parte de fungos com propriedades antagônicas a nematóides

“…(STONARD & MILLER-WIDEMAN, 1994), Fusarium spp. (ABBAS et al, 1995(ABBAS et al, , 1998SVABOVA & LEBEDA, 2005;VESONDER et al, 2000), Paecilomyces vatiotii Bainer (NAKAJIMA et al, 1991), Penicillium spp. (STONARD & MILLER-WIDEMAN, 1994), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)…”

“…Como S. sclerotiorum e espécies de Fusarium podem ser fitopatogênicos, efeitos pronunciados sobre alface eram esperados dos metabólitos de tais fungos. Especialmente para F. moniliforme e F. oxysporum, cujas habilidades para a produção de substâncias fitotóxicas são bem conhecidas (ABBAS et al, 1995(ABBAS et al, , 1998SVABOVA & LEBEDA, 2005;VESONDER et al, 2000). No entanto, os efeitos dos metabólitos de tais fungos sobre a alface foram muito pequenos ou inexistentes, embora as sementes de tais plantas sejam consideradas altamente sensíveis a substâncias fitotóxicas (STONARD & MILLER-WIDEMAN, 1994) (Tabela 1).…”