In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of nanodiamond particles and their osteogenic potential

Abstract

Scaffolds functionalized with nanodiamond particles (nDP) hold great promise with regard to bone tissue formation in animal models. Degradation of the scaffolds over time may leave nDP within the tissues, raising concerns about possible long-term unwanted effects. Human SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells and U937 monoblastoid cells were exposed to five different concentrations (0.002-2 mg/L) of nDP (size range: 2.36-4.42 nm) for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by impedance-based methods. The differential expression of stress and toxicity-related genes was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) super-array, while the expression of selected inflammatory and cell death markers was determined by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, the expression of osteogenic genes by SaOS-2 cells, alkaline phosphatase activity and the extracellular calcium nodule deposition in response to nDP were determined in vitro. Cells responded differently to higher nDP concentrations (≥0.02 mg/L), that is, no loss of viability for SaOS-2 cells and significantly reduced viability for U937 cells. Gene expression showed significant upregulation of several cell death and inflammatory markers, among other toxicity reporter genes, indicating inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in U937 cells. Nanodiamond particles improved the osteogenicity of osteoblast-like cells with no evident cytotoxicity. However, concentration-dependent cytotoxic and inflammatory responses were seen in the U937 cells, negatively affecting osteogenicity in co-cultures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1697-1707, 2018.

Application of Carbon Nanoparticles in Oncology and Regenerative Medicine

“…Carbon nanoparticles can also be potentially used in the treatment of other diseases, including in tissue engineering, e.g., for the reconstruction of bone defects. The use of an appropriate type of nanoparticle in this field of medicine can significantly improve the biological and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds for bone systems, and can also have various functions depending on the application [ 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Due to its mechanical properties, tensile strength and fibrous structure, carbon nanotubes (NTs) have been used in tissue engineering to improve mechanical properties of polymers [ 58 , 59 ].…”

The Puzzling Potential of Carbon Nanomaterials: General Properties, Application, and Toxicity

“…This is of paramount importance for the huge potential of ND applications in human nanomedicine. In addition, numerous studies have confirmed that the benefit of using nanodiamonds in different model systems far outweigh any adverse effects they may have [ 147 , 173 , 174 ]. Although a dose-dependent increase in mRNA levels of several cell death and inflammatory markers were reported in the monoblastoid cell line U937 (via TLR4-NF-κB signaling), the same was not observed for SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells, indicating no evidence of cytotoxicity or inflammation in these cells responsible for bone tissue formation [ 147 ].…”

“…Similarly, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced ROS-dependent activation of NF- κ B in macrophages, thereby inducing the proinflammatory response through TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and MCP-1 expression. Likewise, SWCNTs and MWCNTs via NF-κB activation induced synthesis of profibrogenic growth factors TGF-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from macrophages, further promoting the differentiation of fibroblast to myofibroblast [ 173 ]. Moreover, it was reported that besides cytokines augmentation in a dose-dependent manner, MWCNTs could increase the phosphorylation of signaling cascade components of the MAPK/ERK pathway, which is essential for cell cycle and proliferation, cell survival, cell adhesion, etc.…”

Synthesis and evaluation of hyaluronic acid hydrogels modified with various crosslinkers as biodegradable polymers

“…The prepared mixture was then spread out onto a glass plate or placed in a polypropylene mold, followed by UV light irradiation to obtain MeHA-DVS. 14,15 The third hydrogel was synthesized by dissolving a 2 wt % solution of MeHA in a phosphate buffer of pH 10 containing triethanolamine. Next, a 20 mM DTT solution was added into a solution of MeHA such that the final concentration of the mixture was 1 mM.…”