In Vitro Antiosteoporosis Activity and Hepatotoxicity Evaluation in Zebrafish Larvae of Bark Extracts of Prunus jamasakura Medicinal Plant

Abstract

Osteoporosis is one of the main health problems in the world today characterized by low bone mass and deterioration in bone microarchitecture. In recent years, the use of natural products approach to treat it has been in the increase. In this study, in vitro antiosteoporosis activity and hepatotoxicity of P. jamasakura bark extracts were evaluated. Methods. Mouse bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cells were incubated with tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) buffers and p-nitrophenyl phosphate and cultured with different P. jamasakura bark extracts at concentrations of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml in the presence of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) for 6 days. The osteoclast TRAP activity and cell viability were measured. Nitric oxide (NO) assay was conducted using murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells treated with P. jamasakura ethanolic and methanolic bark extracts at concentrations of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml. For hepatotoxicity assessment, zebrafish larvae were exposed to P. jamasakura bark extracts, 0.05% dimethyl sulfoxide as a negative control, and 5 μM tamoxifen as a positive control. The surviving larvae were anesthetized and assessed for hepatocyte apoptosis. Results. TRAP activity was significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) at all concentrations of P. jamasakura extracts compared to the control treatment. At 50 μg/ml, both ethanolic and methanolic extracts of P. jamasakura exhibited significant (p < 0.01) BMM cell viability compared to the control treatment. P. jamasakura ethanolic and methanolic extracts had significant inhibitory (p < 0.01) effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production at 200 μg/ml and exhibited significant (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.05) stimulative effects, respectively, on RAW 264.7 cell viability. No overt hepatotoxicity was observed in the liver of zebrafish larvae in any of the treatments. Conclusion. The TRAP activity of P. jamasakura bark gives a foundation for further studies to enhance future development of antiosteoporosis drug.

GC–MS and LC-TOF–MS profiles, toxicity, and macrophage-dependent in vitro anti-osteoporosis activity of Prunus africana (Hook f.) Kalkman Bark

“…Excess production of NO in the body system plays a vital part in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases including osteoporosis 21 . It has been reported previously that increased production of NO is a contributing factor to osteoporosis pathogenesis 21 , 52 .…”

“…Excess production of NO in the body system plays a vital part in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases including osteoporosis 21 . It has been reported previously that increased production of NO is a contributing factor to osteoporosis pathogenesis 21 , 52 . Thus, a potential therapeutic pathway for managing the disease is through suppression of NO production as indicated by Komakech, et al 21 .…”

“…This was performed following the previously described method 21 . The measurement of osteoclast TRAP activity was based on the generation of absorbance by incubating BMM cells with TRAP buffer (50 mM sodium tartrate, 0.12 M sodium acetate, pH 5.2) and p -nitrophenyl phosphate (1 mg/ml) for 15 min.…”

“…This was performed following the previously described method 21 . All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.…”

Root Extract of a Micropropagated Prunus africana Medicinal Plant Induced Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells (PC-3) via Caspase-3 Activation

“…The following sample types were used: wild P. africana stem bark (PWS) ( Figure 1(a) ), stem of a six-month-old micropropagated P. africana plant (PIS) ( Figure 1(b) ), roots of a six-month-old micropropagated P. africana plant (PIR) ( Figure 1(c) ), leaves of a six-month-old micropropagated P. africana plant (PIL) ( Figure 1(d) ), and P. africana calluses generated from leaf explants (PIC) ( Figure 1(e) ). Each sample was ground to a fine powder ( Figure 1(g) – 1(j) ) and then extracted and concentrated as previously described [ 24 ]. Vacuum dried extracts were used for antiprostate cancer assays.…”