In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of phloretin microemulsion as a new formulation for prospective treatment of vaginitis

Emulsion-Based Multicompartment Vaginal Drug Carriers: From Nanoemulsions to Nanoemulgels

“…For the preparation of vaginal microemulsions and SEDDS systems, fatty acid derivatives such as Captex ® 300 (ABITEC, Columbus, USA), Capryol ® 90 (Gattefossé, Saint-Priest, France), glycerol monolaurate and oleic acid have been used as the oil phase components [ 76 , 77 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ]. These excipients exhibited high solubility of lipophilic compounds, e.g., clotrimazole or tetrahydrocurcumin and were also selected due to their additional properties, such as strong microemulsifying properties (Capryol ® 90, Gattefossé, Saint-Priest, France), anti-HIV activity (glycerol monolaurate) and low toxicity (Captex ® 300, ABITEC, Columbus, USA) [ 76 , 77 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ]. Cetyl palmitate and other diesters and triesters of fatty acids, e.g., Labrasol ® (Gattefossé, Saint-Priest, France), triglycerides of medium-length fatty acids have also been proposed in the preparation of vaginal emulsions [ 76 , 79 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ].…”

“…These excipients exhibited high solubility of lipophilic compounds, e.g., clotrimazole or tetrahydrocurcumin and were also selected due to their additional properties, such as strong microemulsifying properties (Capryol ® 90, Gattefossé, Saint-Priest, France), anti-HIV activity (glycerol monolaurate) and low toxicity (Captex ® 300, ABITEC, Columbus, USA) [ 76 , 77 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ]. Cetyl palmitate and other diesters and triesters of fatty acids, e.g., Labrasol ® (Gattefossé, Saint-Priest, France), triglycerides of medium-length fatty acids have also been proposed in the preparation of vaginal emulsions [ 76 , 79 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ]. The medium- and long-chain mono/triglycerides are frequently utilized as the oil phase due to their advantageous safety profile and enhanced absorption of the active substance upon application to mucous membranes [ 73 ].…”

“…An example of the beneficial effect of ethylene glycol used as a cosurfactant in combination with the Cremophor EL in microemulsions and nanoemulsions with ethyl oleate as an oil phase is the achievement of a twofold reduction of the inner phase droplet size and a significant reduction of PDI compared to formulations obtained without the addition of the cosurfactant [ 116 , 117 ]. The commonly used cosurfactants in the EVDF include ( Table 3 ): short-chain mono- and polyhydric alcohols [ 79 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 90 , 92 , 98 ], soybean phosphatidylcholine [ 75 ], fatty acids and fatty acid esters [ 91 , 105 ], polyethylene glycols and their derivatives [ 74 , 94 , 95 , 99 , 105 ] and polysorbates [ 78 , 93 , 97 ].…”

“…In this approach the aqueous phase is gradually added into the oil and surfactant mixture under continuous stirring. With continuous composition change the surfactant curvature evolves resulting in a W/O to O/W phase change [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 68 , 78 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 90 , 94 ]. PTM is used in the construction of phase diagrams during preformulation research, enabling to establish compositions using which microemulsion can be formed.…”

“…PTM is used in the construction of phase diagrams during preformulation research, enabling to establish compositions using which microemulsion can be formed. In this method a mixture of an oil and S mix is slowly titrated with the aqueous phase to obtain a vaginal microemulsion with droplet size in the range of 10–190 nm [ 78 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 86 ].…”