In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer and Genotoxicity Profiles of Green Synthesized and Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles were green synthesized (Ag-PTs) employing the crude extract of Padina tetrastromatica, a marine alga, and their anticancer and safety profile were compared with those of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by in vitro and in vivo models. Ag-PT exhibited potent cytotoxicity against B16-F10 (IC50 = 3.29), MCF-7 (IC50 = 4.36), HEPG2 (IC50 =3.89), and HeLa (IC50 = 4.97) cancer cell lines, whereas they exhibited lower toxicity on normal CHO-K1 cells (IC50 = 5.16). The potent anticancer activity of Ag-PTs on cancer cells is due to the liberation of ions from the nanoparticles. Increased ion internalization to the cells promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ultimately leads to cell death. The in vitro anticancer results and in vivo melanoma tumor regression study showed significant inhibition of melanoma tumor growth due to Ag-PT treatment. Ag-PT is involved in the upregulation of the p53 protein and downregulation of Sox-2 along with the Ki-67 protein. The antitumor effects of Ag-PTs may be due to the additional release of ions at a lower pH of the tumor microenvironment than that of the normal tissue. The results of safety investigations of Ag-PT by studying mitotic chromosome aberrations (CAs), micronucleus (MN) induction, and mitotic index (MI) demonstrated Ag-PT to be less genotoxic compared to Ag-NP. The bioefficacy and toxicology outcomes together demonstrated that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-PTs) could be explored to develop a biocompatible, therapeutic agent and a vehicle of drug delivery for various biomedical applications.

Comparative analysis of silver-nanoparticles and whey-encapsulated particles from olive leaf water extracts: Characteristics and biological activity

“…Similarly, Rashidipour & Heydari [ 53 ] conveyed that olive leaf Ag-NPs were safe for normal cell lines. Besides, the green synthesis of Ag-NPs revealed less genotoxicity than the chemically produced Ag-NPs [ 65 ]. However, this is the first study to examine the cytotoxic effect of encapsulated olive leaf extract.…”

Physicochemical and Toxicological Screening of Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis from Punica granatum Peel Extract

“…It was reported that these extracts induced significant effects in vitro on different cancer lines, from breast cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer, to leukemia [77][78][79][80][81]. Even the green synthesized AgNps demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell growth [63,82] and in inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells [83], and that the size and shape of AgNPs play a crucial role in exerting their biological activities on cancer cells.…”

Inhibitory Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate-Silver Nanoparticles and Their Lysozyme Bioconjugates on Biofilm Formation and Cytotoxicity

“… 21 − 24 These applications exploit AgNPs’ excellent optoelectronic properties, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, and cost effectiveness. 25 , 26 Furthermore, nanosilver is comparatively less reactive than silver ions and is suitable for clinical and therapeutic applications. 27 , 28 AgNPs exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal properties, depending on their shape, size, and surface chemistry.…”

“…Current approaches to prevent biofilm formation include modification of surface topography and surface coatings that detain the cells from sticking to a surface. − However, these are temporary treatments because most coatings are quickly covered with self-produced ECM polymers, shielding the antifouling coating and allowing the bacterial cells to stick to the surface, despite the coating. Another method related to biofilm eradication includes the use of biocidal molecules, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). , AgNPs comprise one of the most predominant nanomaterials in various products, such as fabrics, bandages, deodorizers, food containers, and disinfectants. − AgNPs are also incorporated into hydrogels, creating hybrid antibacterial wound dressings. − These applications exploit AgNPs’ excellent optoelectronic properties, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, and cost effectiveness. , Furthermore, nanosilver is comparatively less reactive than silver ions and is suitable for clinical and therapeutic applications. , AgNPs exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal properties, depending on their shape, size, and surface chemistry. − The antibacterial activity of AgNPs is related with the release of Ag + ions that may lead to the formation of radical species, which damage cells to a lethal extent …”