“…Non-matrix matched calibrations have increasingly been used in LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analysis owing to a lack of matrix-matched reference materials (RMs), e.g. , NIST 610 for zircon, monazite, and xenotime; 22 NIST 612 for cassiterite; 23 Plesovice zircon for allanite; 24 zircon 91500 for rutile and garnet; 25–27 zircon 91500 and schorlomite for vesuvianite; 28,29 wolframite YGX for ferberite, hübnerite, and scheelite; 30,31 and xenotime XN01 for bastnaesite. 32 However, matrix effects exist for most of the above minerals due to different ablation behaviors, and thus, special conditions have been employed to reduce matrix effects, including adding water vapor and N 2 , 21,22,32 using a large spot size of ≥44 μm, 25 as well as using a low laser sampling rate, a low energy density, short ablation times (∼30 s), 23,33 and shorter wavelength of ablation laser.…”