In situ study of the film formation mechanism of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells: controlling the solvate phase using an additive system

Abstract

The role of the additive and solvate phases in the direct formation of perovskite crystals was revealed by in situ analysis during spin-coating condition.

Hybrid perovskite crystallization from binary solvent mixtures: interplay of evaporation rate and binding strength of solvents

“…The formation of initial amorphous solvate phases (sol-gel phase) can be observed as an increase of the intensity in the range of 5° to 8° 2θ during the early stages of the experiments. 25 The initial solvate phase peak shifts over time to larger 2θ values, indicating a reorganization process, specifically a reduction of the characteristic distance between solute scattering centers as the solvent evaporates. As a result of this reorganization, the film approaches supersaturation and crystalline intermediate phases can be formed.…”

Unraveling the compositional heterogeneity and carrier dynamics of alkali cation doped 3D/2D perovskites with improved stability

“…Hybrid organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskites prepared via low-cost solution-processed approaches have attracted tremendous research interest due to their remarkable optoelectronic properties. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Substantial efforts have been put into improving device power conversion efficiency (PCE) 7 , which are positively related to perovskite morphology, microstructure, mobility, defect, and trap state density. [8][9][10][11][12][13] To date, planar heterojunction three-dimensional (3D) perovskite photovoltaics fabricated through interfacial engineering have recently surpassed the PCE milestone of 25%.…”

Revealing the Perovskite Film Formation Using the Gas Quenching Method by In Situ GIWAXS: Morphology, Properties, and Device Performance

“…Visually the samples Cs10‐DMSO and Cs20‐DMSO are opaque, in agreement with high UV–vis absorption below the bandgap (Figure S15, Supporting Information) due to light scattering attributed to high roughness of the film (see SEM images of Figure S16, Supporting Information). [ 24 ] In contrast, samples Cs30‐DMSO and Cs40‐DMSO are shiny attributed to a smother film surface. For NMP based samples, the grain size was smaller (100–200 nm) than for DMSO and similar for all compositions (Figure 5d).…”

“…As reported by us and other groups, in situ grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) using synchrotron radiation is a powerful technique to address the evolution of the crystalline phases and intermediates during film preparation. [ 17–24 ]…”