In situ self-assembled Ag–Fe3O4 nanoclusters in exosomes for cancer diagnosis

Tayyaba,; Rehman, Fawad Ur; Shaikh, Sana; Tanziela,; Semcheddine, Farouk; Du, Tianyu; Jiang, Hui; Wang, Xuemei

doi:10.1039/c9tb02610j

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In this ScR, we found that the variety of NMs exposed to the different biological models increased exosome secretion (see Figure 3 B), whereas no significant differences were observed regarding their size or morphology [ 26 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 51 ]. Many studies reported vesicles with a cup-shaped appearance in the negative-stain TEM with HSP 70, CD63, CD81, CD9, LAMP1, and TSG101 as characteristic markers, suggesting that the vesicular secretome that was isolated also comprised exosomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…[ 24 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. The remaining studies used nanotubes, nanoclusters, nanosheets, as well as dendrimers [ 26 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. As for the characteristics of NMs, only six of the studies analyzed and reported the zeta potential, two reported the polydispersity index, four analyzed the presence of contaminants (e.g., endotoxins as relevant for immune effects), and three reported the purity as quality control of the NMs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only eight studies reported analysis regarding EV size, with studies referring to ‘exosome’ isolation reporting mean diameters ranging from 30–200 nm while EVs generally range from 60–1000 nm. Compared with the control, six studies reported no significant differences in EV size in response to NM exposure [ 26 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 49 , 51 ], while one study observed a decrease in EV size [ 46 ], and one study reported an increase in EV size [ 25 ]. Interestingly, the impact of NMs on EV biogenesis is evident.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the impact of NMs on EV biogenesis is evident. Among the eighteen articles, fourteen studies showed that NMs increased EV secretion, especially for studies specifically referring to exosomes [ 20 , 24 , 26 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Twelve studies explored EV-enriched biomarkers (with CD81, CD63, CD9, and TSG101 being the predominantly analyzed markers), while three studies analyzed additional non-EV markers (GAPDH, Calnexin, and Calreticulin) [ 40 , 43 , 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanomaterial Exposure, Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Adverse Cellular Outcomes: A Scoping Review

et al. 2022

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The progressively increasing use of nanomaterials (NMs) has awakened issues related to nanosafety and its potential toxic effects on human health. Emerging studies suggest that NMs alter cell communication by reshaping and altering the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), leading to dysfunction in recipient cells. However, there is limited understanding of how the physicochemical characteristics of NMs alter the EV content and their consequent physiological functions. Therefore, this review explored the relevance of EVs in the nanotoxicology field. The current state of the art on how EVs are modulated by NM exposure and the possible regulation and modulation of signaling pathways and physiological responses were assessed in detail. This review followed the manual for reviewers produced by The Joanna Brigs Institute for Scoping Reviews and the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. The research question, “Do NMs modulate cellular responses mediated by EVs?” was analyzed following the PECO model (P (Population) = EVs, E (Exposure) = NMs, C (Comparator) = EVs without exposure to NMs, O (Outcome) = Cellular responses/change in EVs) to help methodologically assess the association between exposure and outcome. For each theme in the PECO acronym, keywords were defined, organized, and researched in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, up to 30 September 2021. In vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and clinical studies that analyzed the effect of NMs on EV biogenesis, cargo, and cellular responses were included in the analysis. The methodological quality assessment was conducted using the ToxRTool, ARRIVE guideline, Newcastle Ottawa and the EV-TRACK platform. The search in the referred databases identified 2944 articles. After applying the eligibility criteria and two-step screening, 18 articles were included in the final review. We observed that depending on the concentration and physicochemical characteristics, specific NMs promote a significant increase in EV secretion as well as changes in their cargo, especially regarding the expression of proteins and miRNAs, which, in turn, were involved in biological processes that included cell communication, angiogenesis, and activation of the immune response, etc. Although further studies are necessary, this work suggests that molecular investigations on EVs induced by NM exposure may become a potential tool for toxicological studies since they are widely accessible biomarkers that may form a bridge between NM exposure and the cellular response and pathological outcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanomaterial Exposure, Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Adverse Cellular Outcomes: A Scoping Review

et al. 2022

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“…EVs from various biological sources can be modified after isolation when cell-derived exosomes are unable to meet the requirements. While preserving the membrane integrity of exosomes, functional fluorescent tags 102 , imaging probes 103 , immuneactivators 104 , and targeted therapeutic agents can be added 105 . Modified EV surface structures allow in vivo imaging and tracking of EVs.…”

Section: Modification Of Evs For Targeted Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Significance and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular vesicles

Luo¹,

Liu²,

Tan³

et al. 2021

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that have many advantages over traditional nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Evidence from recent studies indicate that EVs have therapeutic capability with chemical or biological modification. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) were used as a new type of antigens or tumor vaccines in anti-tumor immunotherapy. With superior characteristics, modified EVs were applied to loaded and delivered synthetic drugs, silencing RNA, and microRNA for treatment. Different surface functionalization strategies have been proposed to improve the therapeutic functions of EVs. Appropriately modified EVs for disease intervention provide new avenues for effective clinical treatment strategies. Therefore, this review aimed at elucidating the therapeutic functions of EVs to generate new ideas for treatment and to unlock their hidden potential in translational medicine.

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Non‐Invasive imaging of extracellular vesicles: Quo vaditis in vivo?

Arifin

Witwer

Bulte

2022

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayer delimited vesicles released by nearly all cell types that serve as mediators of intercellular signalling. Recent evidence has shown that EVs play a key role in many normal as well as pathological cellular processes. EVs can be exploited as disease biomarkers and also as targeted, cell‐free therapeutic delivery and signalling vehicles for use in regenerative medicine and other clinical settings. Despite this potential, much remains unknown about the in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of EVs after administration into living subjects. The ability to non‐invasively image exogeneous EVs, especially in larger animals, will allow a better understanding of their in vivo homing and retention patterns, blood and tissue half‐life, and excretion pathways, all of which are needed to advance clinical diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications of EVs. We present the current state‐of‐the‐art methods for labeling EVs with various diagnostic contrast agents and tracers and the respective imaging modalities that can be used for their in vivo visualization: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X‐ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, magnetic particle imaging (MPI), single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging). We review here the strengths and weaknesses of each of these EV imaging approaches, with special emphasis on clinical translation.

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In situ self-assembled Ag–Fe₃O₄ nanoclusters in exosomes for cancer diagnosis

Abstract: We have utilized HepG2 cancer cells for the in situ biosynthesis of silver and iron oxide nanoclusters. The self-assembled nanoclusters loaded on exosomes could be utilized to bioimage cancer through fluorescence imaging.

Cited by 34 publications

References 55 publications

Nanomaterial Exposure, Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Adverse Cellular Outcomes: A Scoping Review

Nanomaterial Exposure, Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Adverse Cellular Outcomes: A Scoping Review

Emerging Significance and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular vesicles

Non‐Invasive imaging of extracellular vesicles: Quo vaditis in vivo?

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