In situquantification of diverse titanium dioxide nanoparticles unveils selective endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent toxicity

Expression of genes encoding IGFBPs, SNARK, CD36, and PECAM1 in the liver of mice treated with chromium disilicide and titanium nitride nanoparticles

“…Furthermore, we showed that long-term treatment of mice by chromium disilicide nanoparticles only strongly suppressed the expression of IGFBP2 and PECAM1 genes in the liver. It is possible that our results with SNARK/NUAK2, IGFBP2, and PECAM1 genes expression also refl ect the genotoxic eff ect of titanium nitride and chromium disilicide nanoparticles and are mostly consistent with previously reported data (Ze et al 2014;Alarifi et al 2016;Yang et al 2016;Simon et al 2017), which clearly demonstrated that titanium dioxide nanoparticles are internalized into the cells, aff ect the expression of numerous genes and disrupt cell metabolic functions, resulting in dysregulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.…”

“…For titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which are widely used in the number of applications, including cosmetic creams, toothpastes, and component of surgical implants, it has been shown that long-term exposure to these nanoparticles led to accumulation of these nanoparticles in brain, over-proliferation of glial cells and signifi cant changes in brain gene expressions as well as to neurogenic disease states in mice (Ze et al 2014;Rollerova et al 2015). Moreover, titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized as nanoneedles, titanate scrolled nanosheets, and gel-sol-based isotropic nanoparticle aff ect intracellular calcium homeostasis, thereby leading to endoplasmic reticulum stressdependent toxicity (Simon et al 2017). However, the genotoxicity of titanium nitride nanoparticles, which have favorable properties and are used for coronary stents, syringe needles, and the coating of orthopedic implant as well as in dental medicine for improving long-term implants (van Hove et al 2015;Chu et al 2016;Karjalainen and Nammas 2016;Ritz et al 2016), has not been studied yet.…”

“…Th ese nanoparticles, which were synthesized as nanoneedles, titanate scrolled nanosheets, and gelsol-based isotropic nanoparticle, were internalized at various degrees and their toxicity depended on both the titanium content and nanoparticles shape. Diverse titanium dioxide nanoparticles aff ect intracellular calcium homeostasis, thereby leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent toxicity (Simon et al 2017). Th ere are data that chromium disilicide nanowires are attractive choices for future applications in magnetic storage, photovoltaic, and fi eld emitters (Hsu et al 2015), but the toxicity of chromium disilicide nanoparticles has not been studied yet.…”

“…Furthermore, Yang et al (2016) have shown that oral administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles disrupts hepatic metabolic functions in a mouse model. Recently, it has been shown that titanium dioxide nanoparticles have possible impact on health due to their specifi c properties supported by their size and geometry (Simon et al 2017). Th ese nanoparticles, which were synthesized as nanoneedles, titanate scrolled nanosheets, and gelsol-based isotropic nanoparticle, were internalized at various degrees and their toxicity depended on both the titanium content and nanoparticles shape.…”

The toxicity of ZnO nanomaterials to HepG2 cells: the influence of size and shape of particles

“…Both a‐ZnO MS and c‐ZnO MS significantly promoted the expression of ER stress‐apoptosis genes. This could be because they contained sheet‐like structures, and a recent study already showed that TiO 2 NPs with nanosheet structures induced a pronounced ER stress in vitro (Simon et al, ). Surprisingly, ZnO Mini‐NRs, which were as cytotoxic as ZnO NRs, did not significantly influence the expression of ER stress‐apoptosis genes (Figures and ).…”