<i>In-situ</i>Observation of Current-Pulse-Induced Curling of Graphene Edges and Carbon-Cages Production

Nishijima, Takuya; Ueki, Ryuichi; Kano, Emi; Fujita, Jun–ichi

doi:10.7567/jjap.51.06fd20

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similarly to previous works, two possibilities can be considered to explain their existence. It can be assumed that the small graphene flakes become curved under high temperatures which creates new bonds leading to a zipping up of the flakes' edges [27,28]; or it is the result of self-assembled atoms or blocks of atoms moving towards the formation of thermodynamically-favoured fragments of fullerenes [29]. Once the very small fragments are formed, they undergo a bottom-up process through which motion and coalescence of blocks transform unstable clusters into giant fullerenes under high temperature [30,31] or into more stable fullerenes, such as the ones indicated in figure 2(e) and in the inset figure 2(f).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fullerenic particles for the growth of carbon nanowall-like flowers on multilayer graphene

Guermoune

Hilke²

2016

Nanotechnology

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Carbon nanowalls (CNWs) are composed of stacks of planar graphene layers with open edges that grow almost vertically on a substrate. Their morphology makes them a promising material for field emission, batteries, light absorbers and enhanced detectors for electrochemical and gas sensors. However, three main challenges prevent the fast development of CNWs: the synthesis is energetically demanding, poorly transferable to suitable substrates, and the growth mechanism is not understood. Here, we present a simple method to grow carbon nanowall-like flowers on multilayer graphene through fullerenic particles using thermal CVD and copper. The hydrophobicity of the fabricated hybrid material facilitates its transfer to any substrate. Our findings can boost the understanding of the physical properties and the practical applicability of CNWs. At the same time, our work is a concrete example of the role of multilayer graphene as a platform to one-step synthesis of new transferable graphenic materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fullerenic particles for the growth of carbon nanowall-like flowers on multilayer graphene

Guermoune

Hilke²

2016

Nanotechnology

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“…2,3) In addition, the local electron and=or spin polarization on the graphitic cage, which would be strongly enhanced by an encapsulated metal, can provide significant functionality for molecular switching devices. 4,5) There is a high demand for the artificial control of these carbon-cage structures, 6,7) including their size and shape, to enable molecular device applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphitic cage transformation by electron-beam-induced catalysis with alkali-halide nanocrystals

Fujita

Tachi

Ito

et al. 2016

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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We found that alkali-halide nanocrystals, such as KCl and NaCl, have strong catalytic capability to form graphitic carbon cages from amorphous carbon shells under electron beam irradiation. In addition to the electron beam irradiation strongly inducing the decomposition of alkali-halide nanocrystals, graphene fragments were formed and linked together to form the final product of thin graphitic carbon cages after the evaporation of alkali-halide nanocrystals. The required electron dose was approximately 1 to 20 C/cm2 at 120 keV at room temperature, which was about two orders of magnitude smaller than that required for conventional beam-induced graphitization. The “knock-on” effect of primary electrons strongly induced the decomposition of the alkali-halide crystal inside the amorphous carbon shell. However, the strong ionic cohesion quickly reformed the crystal into thin layers inside the amorphous shell. The bond excitation induced by the electron beam irradiation seemed to enhance strongly the graphitization at the interface between the outer amorphous carbon shell and the inner alkali-halide crystal.

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“…[3][4][5] In addition, charge transfer from an encapsulated metal to the outer surface strongly induces an electrical polarization in metal-encapsulated fullerene, which could turn out to be a key mechanism for molecular switching devices. 6,7 Thus, rational control of these carbon-cage structures [8][9][10][11][12][13] would be of great benefit for future electronic applications as well as for nanomechanical applications. 14,15 Fullerenes and carbon cages have previously been synthesized from a graphite source material at high temperatures of about 3000 K 16,17 under the non-equilibrium ambient of Arc-plasma.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, in-situ imaging through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide direct evidence for the structural transformation of carbon cages, 13,[26][27][28] while the significant damage 29,30 to the honeycomb lattice due to so-called "knock-on damage" would be taken into account in the transformation. In particular, the knock-on damage was found to be pronounced when the beam energy was higher than a threshold of about 80 keV, [31][32][33] and a local bond excitation on the honeycomb lattice also coexisted with the beam irradiation even though the beam acceleration was lower than 1 keV.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In another method, the induction of a cyclic current pulse of about 20 kHz on a graphene edge leading to periodic Joule heating is known to produce various sizes of fullerenes triggered by a cyclic thermal stress, 13 where the presence of amorphous carbon source material was crucial to promote the cage transformation. However, the repetition of thermal stress produced a larger carbon cage than for that of fullerene.…”

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Beam-induced graphitic carbon cage transformation from sumanene aggregates

Fujita

Tachi

Murakami

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We found that electron-beam irradiation of sumanene aggregates strongly enhanced their transformation into a graphitic carbon cage, having a diameter of about 20 nm. The threshold electron dose was about 32 mC/cm2 at 200 keV, but the transformation is still induced at 20 keV. The transformation sequence suggested that the cage was constructed accompanied by the dynamical movement of the transiently linked sumanene molecules in order to pile up inside the shell. Thus, bond excitation in the sumanene molecules rather than a knock-on of carbon atoms seems to be the main cause of the cage transformation.

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In-situObservation of Current-Pulse-Induced Curling of Graphene Edges and Carbon-Cages Production

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Fullerenic particles for the growth of carbon nanowall-like flowers on multilayer graphene

Fullerenic particles for the growth of carbon nanowall-like flowers on multilayer graphene

Graphitic cage transformation by electron-beam-induced catalysis with alkali-halide nanocrystals

Beam-induced graphitic carbon cage transformation from sumanene aggregates

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