<i>In situ</i> diagnostics for nanomaterial synthesis in carbon arc plasma

Stratton, B. C.; Gerakis, Alexandros; Kaganovich, Igor; Keidar, Michael; Khrabry, Alexander; Mitrani, James; Raitses, Yevgeny; Shneider, Mikhail N.; Vekselman, V.; Yatom, Shurik

doi:10.1088/1361-6595/aad3fa

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In particular, the production of carbon nanotubes by arc discharge constitutes a classical example of plasma synthesis application in the field of nanotechnology [4]. The extreme plasma conditions found in anodic arc discharges, namely high plasma densities and temperatures, are favorable for the nucleation of nanoparticles with excellent structural and functional properties [5][6][7][8]. For instance, samples with large crystalline domains such as graphene networks have been fabricated with this method [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Corbella

Portal

Zolotukhin

et al. 2019

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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Pulsed arc discharges can improve arc control and tailor the ablation process in the production of 1D and 2D nanostructures from carbon anodes. In this work, low-dimensional carbon nanoparticles have been generated by means of anodic arc discharge in helium atmosphere excited with a square-wave modulated signal (1-5 Hz, 10% duty cycle). The discharges were performed between two graphite electrodes with maximal peak current of 250 A and maximal voltage of 65 V. The erosion rates and conversion efficiency of the ablated anode are compared to reference samples grown in DC steady arc mode. Ablation rates in pulsed arcs are typically of the order of 1 mg s −1 . Combination of fast Langmuir probe diagnostics and optical emission spectroscopy provided plasma parameters of the discharges at the arc column. Ranges of 10 16 -10 17 m −3 for electron density and 0.5-2.0 eV for electron temperature are estimated. The obtained samples were characterized with Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The deposit on the cathode after pulsed arc consisted of carbon nanostructures such as graphene nano-platelets and carbon nanotubes. Erosion dynamics of pulsed arc discharge has been described in terms of a global model and compared to steady arc discharge. A correlation is identified among discharge regimes, optical emission patterns and ablation modes. In conclusion, pulsed anodic arc discharge is a very efficient source of carbon nanomaterials. The large control of the discharge characteristics will permit to tailor accurately the production and the properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene. This deposition method is promising for the fabrication of semiconducting nanomaterials with tuneable electrical and optical properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Corbella

Portal

Zolotukhin

et al. 2019

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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“…Other allotropes feature less commonly in the literature. Carbon arc reactors have been used to generate a range of nanomaterials, including CNTs, fullerenes, carbon nanowires, and nanosheets; many of these structures have been probed with TiRe-LII [178,179,[184][185][186]. Yatom et al [186] used LII imaging to map the spatial distribution of particles exiting an arc discharge, for comparison against a computational fluid dynamics model.…”

Section: Non-soot Carbonaceous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges

et al. 2022

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Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core–shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.

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“…On the one hand, in arc welding and cutting system, the strong anodic heat transfer capability can be used for joining or cutting pieces of metal in manufacturing industries [12]. Besides, by taking the advantage of the high erosion rate of the anode, atmospheric pressure arc discharge is an indispensable tool for material synthesis, for example, in the production of large quantities of single-walled carbon nanotubes [13] and metal nanoparticles [14]. On the other hand, in many high power plasma devices, such as plasma thrusters, plasma torches, and electrical switching equipment, the anode is served as the most energy-concentrated unit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of anodic erosion components and heat transfer efficiency for W and W₈₀Ag₂₀ in atmospheric-pressure arcs

Cui¹,

Wu²,

Niu³

et al. 2020

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Based on the in situ diagnostic system and the digital image post-processing technique, quantifications of the anodic erosion components and heat transfer efficiency for tungsten and the W 80 Ag 20 material in arcs of argon, helium, and nitrogen were achieved. The leading vaporization of silver has been found to result in evidently lower anodic heat transfer efficiency and much smaller molten pools compared with those of the tungsten anode, but the intensive generation of silver vapor under the melt layer causes higher splashing erosion of the W 80 Ag 20 anode. However, these characteristics can be strongly changed by the cathodic blowing, which leads to a much higher splashing erosion of tungsten anode but a lower erosion rate of W 80 Ag 20 anode. Through the visualization of the erosion behavior and the post microanalysis of the anode surface, the possible driving mechanisms for the generation of the splashing droplet were discussed. The result indicates that the local high pressure caused by the vapor blasting during the bubble explosion plays a key role in the detachment of splashing droplets. Furthermore, as for the tungsten-based anode, the comparison of erosion behavior between the W 80 Ag 20 anode and the previous-studied W 70 Cu 30 anode makes it clear that increasing the temperature difference between the melting point (MP) of tungsten and the boiling point (BP) of the other material has the pros and cons. It is effective for the decrease of the anode erosion when the anode heat energy is relatively weak, while it can promote the splashing erosion when the liquid tungsten layer has been formed on the anode tip. These results are beneficial for the optimal design of the electrode system in circuit breakers.

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In situ diagnostics for nanomaterial synthesis in carbon arc plasma

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges

Evolution of anodic erosion components and heat transfer efficiency for W and W₈₀Ag₂₀ in atmospheric-pressure arcs

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In situ diagnostics for nanomaterial synthesis in carbon arc plasma

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges

Evolution of anodic erosion components and heat transfer efficiency for W and W80Ag20 in atmospheric-pressure arcs

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Evolution of anodic erosion components and heat transfer efficiency for W and W₈₀Ag₂₀ in atmospheric-pressure arcs