In Situ Crystallization of the Inorganic Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskite Cs₂AgBiBr₆ via Spray-Drying

Abstract

Nontoxic, all-inorganic perovskite light absorbers have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their potential to replace lead-containing perovskite materials in photovoltaics. Herein, the synthesis of the lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 as a powder, obtained via spray-drying, is reported to be capable of paving the way toward large scale production. Upon drying of the atomized precursor solution during spray-drying, the double-perovskite phase forms by in situ crystallization. The product that is obtained from spray-drying is compared to the one that is obtained from the so-called solution cooling method, which is often used for the absorber synthesis before dissolving the double perovskite powder for the thin film deposition. The absorber powder gained from the solution cooling method sets the benchmark for the spray-dried absorber powder. XRD and Raman analyses confirm the phase purity of the double perovskite, whereas UV–Vis spectroscopy confirms the desired bandgap. Furthermore, the absorber powders from both synthesis methods are successfully used to deposit and integrate absorber films in single-junction perovskite solar cells. Besides being introduced as an alternative synthesis route for the preparation of double perovskite absorber as dry powders independently from being applied onto a given substrate, the superior advantages of spray-drying compared to the conventional synthesis of the perovskite absorber via the solution cooling method are outlined: Spray-drying not only enables the synthesis of large amounts of perovskite absorber powders but also discards the usage of precarious solvents like concentrated hydrobromic acid and thus eliminates the need for extensive safety precautions. Hence, spray-drying may help the perovskite technology take the next step toward large-scale production and commercialization.

Synthesis and Optimization of Cs2B′B″X6 Double Perovskite for Efficient and Sustainable Solar Cells

“…Many synthetic material methods have been studied, but for the mass production of powder, the spray-drying method is carried out. The spray-drying method mainly converts liquids into solids to form powder [ 54 ]. The feed liquid is atomized using a nozzle to form small droplets, which are then put in contact with the hot carrier gas to promote solvent evaporation, thus forming particles.…”

Understanding the polaron behavior in Cs2CuSbCl6 halide double perovskite

“…; M = Ag + , K + , Li + ; M' = Sb 3+ , In 3+ or Bi 3+ and X = I − , Br − or Cl − ) double perovskites have become an object of significant interest due to their environmental and structural stability, low toxicity, defect tolerance, and exceptional optoelectronic properties. 1–6 These qualities have made them increasingly popular in applications such as solar cells, X-ray detectors, photodetectors, and photocatalysts. 7–10 Achieving high-performance for these applications often requires the use of high-quality perovskite single crystals (SCs).…”

Non‐Toxic and Stable Double Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Cs2AgSbX6 Light Harvester: First Principle Calculations‐Aided Theoretical Estimation

“…[ 4 ] To combat both toxicity and stability issues, the tunability of the perovskite crystal structure was exploited to engineer layered double perovskite, double perovskite, and low dimensional (0 and 2D) perovskite light harvesters. [ 5–8 ] Despite such breakthroughs, a perovskite light harvester with optoelectronics characteristics analogous to Pb‐containing counterparts is yet to be untangled. One of these potential perovskite light harvesters that has shown promise is the double perovskite with the chemical formula A 2 M′M′′X 6 (where A, M′, M′′, and X are monovalent cations, monovalent metal ions, trivalent metal ions, and halogen, respectively).…”