<i>HST</i>/WFPC2 Observations of Warm Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

Surace, J.; Sanders, D. B.; Vacca, William D.; Veilleux, Sylvain; Mazzarella, J. M.

doi:10.1086/305028

Cited by 212 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

361

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Weedman (1973) initially proposed that this energy could be nonthermal ultraviolet emission reradiated thermally by dust. Even after IRAS expanded the known population of ultraluminous infrared galaxies, Mrk 231 remains one of the most luminous and the most powerful known at z < 0:1 (e.g., Surace et al 1998). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the ratio of infrared luminosity to mass in H 2 , L IR =M H 2 ¼ 225 L M À1 , is difficult to explain without a powerful QSO contributing the bulk of the infrared luminosity (Sanders, Scoville, & Soifer 1991). 1 In HST images, the pointlike nucleus has colors inconsistent with a starburst, and M B $ À21:6 with no correction for reddening (Surace et al 1998). From the shape of the optical and ultraviolet continua and infrared line ratios, the reddening is estimated to be A V $ 2 mag (Boksenberg et al 1977;Cutri, Rieke, & Lebofsky 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correcting for reddening then places Mrk 231 at QSO luminosities (M B . À 24) that can account for the minority of the infrared energy (e.g., Surace et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

X‐Raying the Ultraluminous Infrared Starburst Galaxy and Broad Absorption Line QSO Markarian 231 withChandra

Gallagher

Brandt

Chartas

et al. 2002

ApJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With 40 ks of Chandra ACIS-S3 exposure, new information on both the starburst and QSO components of the X-ray emission of Markarian 231, an ultraluminous infrared galaxy and broad absorption line QSO, has been obtained. The bulk of the X-ray luminosity is emitted from an unresolved nuclear point source, and the spectrum is remarkably hard, with the majority of the flux emitted above 2 keV. Most notably, significant nuclear variability (a decrease of $45% in approximately 6 hr) at energies above 2 keV indicates that Chandra has probed within light-hours of the central black hole. Although we concur with Maloney & Reynolds that the direct continuum is not observed, this variability coupled with the 188 eV upper limit on the equivalent width of the Fe K emission line argues against the reflection-dominated model put forth by these authors based on their ASCA data. Instead, we favor a model in which a small, Compton-thick absorber blocks the direct X-rays, and only indirect, scattered X-rays from multiple lines of sight can reach the observer. Extended soft, thermal emission encompasses the optical extent of the galaxy and exhibits resolved structure. An off-nuclear X-ray source with a 0.35-8.0 keV luminosity of L X ¼ 7 Â 10 39 ergs s À1 , consistent with the ultraluminous X-ray sources in other nearby starbursts, is detected. We also present an unpublished Faint Object Spectrograph spectrum from the Hubble Space Telescope archive showing the broad C iv absorption.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

X‐Raying the Ultraluminous Infrared Starburst Galaxy and Broad Absorption Line QSO Markarian 231 withChandra

Gallagher

Brandt

Chartas

et al. 2002

ApJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…And the resultant value of 1.54 x 10 8 L 0 corresponds to MB = -15.0. Adopting the statistical results of Surace et al (1998) that the typical B -I color index for putative nuclei in ULIRGs is 2.0 with the root mean square of 0.7, we obtain the lower MI limit of -17.0 mag as a quantitative criterion to pick out galactic nuclei from bright clumps. This is consistent with the argument that bright knots may have an upper luminosity limit for intense star-formation in a star cluster (Hutchings 1995).…”

Section: Identification Of Galactic Nucleimentioning

confidence: 94%

Merging Galaxies with Multiple Nuclei from HST ULIRGs Snapshot Survey

Cui

Xia

Deng

et al. 2001

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.We perform photometric measurements on a large HST snapshot imaging survey sample of 97 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). We classify all the sources into three categories with multiple, double and single nucleus/nuclei, mainly based on a quantitative criterion of I-band luminosity. The resultant fractions of multiple, double and single nucleus/nuclei ULIRGs are 18%, 39% and 43%, respectively. This supports the multiple merger scenario as a possible origin of ULIRGs, in addition to the commonly-accepted pair merger model. Further statistical studies indicate that the fraction of AGN increases from multiple (18%) to double (39%) and then to single (43%) nucleus/nuclei ULIRGs. For the single nucleus category, there is a high luminosity tail in the luminosity distribution, which corresponds to a Seyfert l/QSO excess. This supports the statement that active galactic nuclei tend to appear at final merging stage. For multiple and double mergers, we also find a considerably high fraction of very close nucleus pairs (e.g., 2/3 for those separated by less than 5 kpc). This strengthens the conclusion that systems at late merging phase preferentially host ULIRGs.

show abstract

“…(Sanders et al 1987) and size of central molecular gas concentration (circle). (right panel) -HST B-band image and identified stellar clusters ('+') from Surace et al (1998).The high resolution CO contours are from Bryant & Scoville (1996). Figure 5.…”

Section: Multiwavelength Studies Of Complete Local Samples Of Ligs/uligsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The infrared universe: The cosmic evolution of superstarbursts and massive black holes

Sanders¹,

Ishida²,

Mazzarella³

et al. 2004

Proc. IAU

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Our view of galaxy evolution has been dramatically enhanced by recent deep field surveys at far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. Current evidence suggests that the number density of the most luminous far-infrared sources evolves strongly with redshift, and that the luminosity density in the far-infrared/submillimeter may exceed that in the optical/ultraviolet by factors of 3 − 10 at redshifts z > 1. If true, then as much as 80-90% of the "activity" in galaxies at z > 1 may be hidden by dust. Surveys of complete samples of luminous infrared galaxies in the local Universe show that the majority, if not all objects with log (L ir/L ) > ∼ 11.6, appear to be major mergers of molecular gas-rich disks accompanied by dust-enshrouded nuclear starbursts and powerful AGN. If the majority of the deep-field sources are simply more distant analogs of local luminous infrared galaxies, then we may be witnessing at z ∼ 1 − 3 the primary epoch in the formation of spheroids and massive black holes. This major event in galaxy evolution is largely missed by current deep optical/ultraviolet surveys.

show abstract

HST/WFPC2 Observations of Warm Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

Cited by 212 publications

References 41 publications

X‐Raying the Ultraluminous Infrared Starburst Galaxy and Broad Absorption Line QSO Markarian 231 withChandra

X‐Raying the Ultraluminous Infrared Starburst Galaxy and Broad Absorption Line QSO Markarian 231 withChandra

Merging Galaxies with Multiple Nuclei from HST ULIRGs Snapshot Survey

The infrared universe: The cosmic evolution of superstarbursts and massive black holes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About