Helicobacter pylori infection: Beyond gastric manifestations

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is a bacterium that infects more than a half of world’s population. Although it is mainly related to the development of gastroduodenal diseases, several studies have shown that such infection may also influence the development and severity of various extragastric diseases. According to the current evidence, whereas this bacterium is a risk factor for some of these manifestations, it might play a protective role in other pathological conditions. In that context, when considered the gastrointestinal tract, H. pylori positivity have been related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatic Carcinoma, Cholelithiasis, and Cholecystitis. Moreover, lower serum levels of iron and vitamin B12 have been found in patients with H. pylori infection, leading to the emergence of anemias in a portion of them. With regards to neurological manifestations, a growing number of studies have associated that bacterium with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Interestingly, the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, is also influenced by the infection. Besides that, the H. pylori -associated inflammation may also lead to increased insulin resistance, leading to a higher risk of diabetes mellitus among infected individuals. Finally, the occurrence of dermatological and ophthalmic disorders have also been related to that microorganism. In this sense, this minireview aims to gather the main studies associating H. pylori infection with extragastric conditions, and also to explore the main mechanisms that may explain the role of H. pylori in those diseases.

Pre-Treatment with Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells

“…Although the gastric colonization by H. pylori occurs asymptomatically in most people, long-term infection with this pathogen can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations that may progress from chronic active gastritis to peptic ulceration and gastric cancer [1][2][3]. In addition to gastric pathology related to H. pylori infection, this bacterium is associated with several extra-gastric pathologies, including, among others, cardiovascular, dermatological, autoimmune and hematologic diseases [4]. Also in the digestive system, H. pylori infection can lead to the development of extra-gastric pathologies, such as extra-gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-lymphoma [5], gallstones [6], non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [7], hepatocellular carcinoma [8], and acute pancreatitis [9].…”

Role of hepatitis A virus in diabetes mellitus

“…Although infection per se cannot cause diabetes, it is a well-known cause of inflammation; thus, infection may increase the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes through increased inflammation[ 2 ]. Various infectious agents have been implied in diabetes, including helicobacter pylori [ 3 ], hepatitis C[ 4 , 5 ], hepatitis B[ 6 ], and cytomegalovirus[ 7 ]. Given the relationship between hepatitis C and B with diabetes, we reasoned that a similar relationship could exist between hepatitis A virus (HAV) status and diabetes.…”

The role of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases

“…He li co bac ter py lo ri (H. py lo ri) -грамотрицательная бактерия, обитающая в желудочной среде 60,3% населения мира [1]. В странах с низким социальноэкономическим уровнем её распространенность превышает 80% [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

“…He li co bac ter py lo ri (H. py lo ri) -грамотрицательная бактерия, обитающая в желудочной среде 60,3% населения мира [1]. В странах с низким социальноэкономическим уровнем её распространенность превышает 80% [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Видовое разнообразие штаммов H. py lo ri и другие механизмы иммунной эвазии позволяют ей выживать в чрезвычайно неблагоприятных условиях [7].…”

“…У 80-85% инфицированных субъектов развивается гастрит антрального отдела и тела желудка, характеризующийся гипергастринемией и нормальным уровнем pH желудочного сока. Приблизительно у 10-15% пациентов возникает преимущественно антральный гастрит, при котором гипергастринемия связана с повышенной желудочной секрецией и может привести к язвенной болезни [1]. У меньшего процента (1-2%) развивается мультифокальный атрофический гастрит с возможным формированием аденокарциномы или MALT лимфомы желудка.…”