I Have a Cold—What Do I Need to Know?

Incze, Michael A; Grady, Deborah; Gupta, Arjun

doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2621

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Infections of the upper respiratory tract, such as laryngitis, pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, and rhinitis, are among the most common diseases in primary medical care [ 1 , 2 ]. The most common symptoms of upper respiratory infections (URIs) include coughing, a sore throat, nasal obstruction, and headache [ 1 , 3 ]. Although those conditions are often self-limited and non-fatal, the symptoms can significantly impair life quality and productivity [1] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common symptoms of upper respiratory infections (URIs) include coughing, a sore throat, nasal obstruction, and headache [ 1 , 3 ]. Although those conditions are often self-limited and non-fatal, the symptoms can significantly impair life quality and productivity [1] . In some cases, URIs even induce severe complications, such as pneumonia, otitis media, glomerulonephritis, and myocarditis, thus further adding to the costs of healthcare resources, resulting in a substantial financial burden for the society [4] , [5] , [6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019

et al. 2021

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Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are among the most common diseases. However, the related burden has not been comprehensively evaluated. Thus, we designed the present study to describe the global and regional burden of URIs from 1990 to 2019. Methods: A secondary analysis was performed on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of URIs in different sex and age groups, from 21 geographic regions, 204 countries and territories, between 1990 and 2019, using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Countries and territories were categorized according to Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles. Findings: Globally, the incident cases of URIs reached 17¢2 (95% uncertainty interval: 15¢4 to 19¢3) billion in 2019, which accounted for 42¢83% (40¢01% to 45¢77%) cases from all causes in the GBD 2019 study. The age-standardized incidence rate remained stable from 1990 to 2019, while significant decreases were found in the mortality and DALY rate. The highest age-standardized incidence rates from 1990 to 2019 and the highest age-standardized DALY rates after 2011 were observed in high SDI regions. Among all the age groups, children under five years old suffered from the highest incidence and DALY rates, both of which were decreased with increasing age. Fatal consequences of URIs occurred mostly in the elderly and children under five years old. Interpretation: The present study provided comprehensive estimates of URIs burden for the first time. Our findings, highlighting the substantial incidence and considerable DALYs due to URIs, are expected to attract more attention to URIs and provide future explorations in the prevention and treatment with epidemiological evidence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019

et al. 2021

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“…Since the upper respiratory tract (URT) is the gatekeeper of the respiratory microbiota, the proximity of URT to the external environment allows adherence and colonization of diverse and abundant microbiota. URT infections mainly include rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media, accounting for about 87.5% of the total number of respiratory infections (2,3). The common respiratory pathogen in infected patients was caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, or chlamydia (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Design and Inhalation Delivery of Iodine for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Therapy

et al. 2022

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Diseases caused by upper respiratory tract (URT) and pulmonary infections have been a serious threat to human health for millennia and lack of targeted effective therapeutic techniques. In this study, two kinds of cyclodextrin particles with typical particle shapes of nanocubes and microbars were synthesized through a facile process. Subsequently, the particles were used as carriers for loading and stabilizing iodine and characterizations were performed to demonstrate the loading mechanism. Next-generation impactor (NGI) experiments showed that iodine-loaded microbars (I 2 @microbars) had a deposition rate of 79.75% in URT, while iodine-loaded nanocubes (I 2 @nanocubes) were delivered to the deep lungs with a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 46.30%. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) indicated that the iodine-loaded nanocubes and microbars had similar bactericidal effect to povidone iodine solution. Cell viability studies and extracellular pro-inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) evaluations demonstrate noncytotoxic effects of the blank carriers and anti-inflammatory effects of iodine-loaded samples. The irritation of the rat pharynx by I 2 @microbars was evaluated for the behavioral observations, body weight changes, histopathological studies, and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in pharyngeal tissues. The results showed that I 2 @microbars had no irritation to rat pharyngeal tissues at therapeutic doses. In conclusion, the present study provides novel treatment of URT infections via supramolecular cyclodextrin carriers for URT local therapy with iodine loading by a solvent-free method, which enhances the stability and reduces the inherent irritation without inhibiting their antimicrobial effects.

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“…Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) refers to a viral infection that causes inflammation in the pharyngeal and nasal mucosa ( 1 ). URTI is one of the most frequent infections occurring in preschool- and school-aged children due to their immature sinus development and immature pediatric immune response ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each year, children experience 3–8 infections, and 52.6% of them are identified to have at least one type of URTI ( 3 ). Clinical manifestations of URTI in children include fever, runny nose, swelling of the tonsils, and a mild dry cough ( 1 , 4 ). Although URTI is rarely fatal, it is a source of severe morbidities and causes some complications, thereby increasing medical costs and bringing a considerable economic burden ( 5 , 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence factors for upper respiratory tract infection in Chinese rural children: A cross-sectional study

Luo

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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AimThe prevalence rate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is high in children. Influencing factors for URTI have been reported in Chinese urban children, but those have not been explored in rural children. In China, children in the rural areas are a disadvantaged group. Therefore, this study aims to explore influencing factors for URTI in Chinese rural children.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study based on the 1991–2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). In total, 5,289 children were eligible for the analysis, including 3,684 rural children and 1,605 urban children. The generalized estimating equation was used to determine the influencing factors, and results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsThe results showed that rural children aged 7–12 and 13–17 years had lower odds of URTI than those aged 0–1 year, with OR value of 0.17 (95% CI, 0.11–0.27) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.08–0.19), respectively. Compared with uneducated mothers, those with education level of primary school (OR: 0.59, 95% CI, 0.42–0.84), lower middle school (OR: 0.53, 95% CI, 0.38–0.73), and upper middle school and technical school (OR: 0.62, 95% CI, 0.40–0.95) were associated with the lower odds of URTI in rural children. Children, whose mothers were office workers, had 46% lower odds of URTI than those with farmer mothers (OR: 0.54, 95% CI, 0.34–0.84).ConclusionsThis study found that mother's education level, children's age, and mother's occupation were significant influencing factors for URTI, which suggested the importance to improve mother's health-related knowledge and working conditions in Chinese rural areas.

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I Have a Cold—What Do I Need to Know?

Abstract: The common cold is an infection that can be caused by many different viruses.

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019

Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019

Particle Design and Inhalation Delivery of Iodine for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Therapy

Influence factors for upper respiratory tract infection in Chinese rural children: A cross-sectional study

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