<i>Giardia duodenalis</i>in the UK: current knowledge of risk factors and public health implications

Horton, B.; Bridle, Helen; Alexander, Claire L.; Katzer, Frank

doi:10.1017/s0031182018001683

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Our study confirms the single prevalence of enteric protozoa reported in other studies in similar settings [1,17,37] with adequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene practices (WASH). In the present report, B.hominis was the predominant intestinal protozoa species detected followed by E.histolytica and G.lamblia whereas Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Interestingly, assemblage's variance seems to be involved in clinical presentation and only assemblages A and B have been described as causative agents of human infection, with assemblage B resulting more frequently in symptomatic infection in endemic settings [21,42]. Regarding assemblage A, AI has been one of the commonest sub-assemblage reported in the literature although AII is considered the most pathogenic sub-assemblage in humans [17,43,44]. All of the above could provide a potential explanation about why no evidence of association was found between the presence of G.lamblia and clinical symptomatology in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the presence of any of these four protozoan species in the stools of asymptomatic individuals is not exclusive of B.hominis, and is relatively common according to some studies [1,14,15] but there is a lack of reliable data due to the absence of monitoring programs, under-reporting [16,17] and the fact that carrier and subclinical stages are often not diagnosed [1,17] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymptomatic protozoa community infections in humans from southwestern China

Tian¹,

Ballesteros

Chen³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Giardia.lamblia (G.lamblia), Entamoeba histolytica (E.histolytica), Blastocyistis hominis (B. hominis ) and Cryptosporidium spp. infections have been frequently reported as etiological agents for gastroenteritis but also as common gut inhabitants in healthy individuals. Co-infections with protozoa pathogens were previously described but little is known about whether these assemblages are purely random or structured in communities. Methods From 1st July 2016 to 31st March 2017, fresh stool samples were collected from randomly selected individuals in sentinel hospitals in Tengchong City, Yunnan Province, China. molecular biology method was used to detect G.lamblia, E.histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp and B. hominis. Sequencing was applied to confirm the these protozoon genotypes. The data analysis method was involved chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression, null models and Partial least square regression (PLSR) methods with R 3.2 software. Results: The prevalence of the four enteric protozoa in all subjects were (in order of frequency of detection) : B.hominis 9.5% [95%Confidence Interval (CI) 7.1-12.4%], G.lamblia 2.2% (95%CI 1.1-3.8%); E.hystolitica 2.0% (95%CI 0.9-3.6%) whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was not detected at all. The prevalence of, at least, one enteric protozoa was 12.4% (95%CI 9.7-15.6), and the prevalence of 2 different enteric protozoa species was 1.2% (95%CI 0.4-2.6). The most common co-infection found was E.histolytica and B.hominis, (1.0%; 95%CI 0.3-2.2). Regarding genetic profiles, 10 out of 11 G.lamblia strains were classified in assemblage A, sub-assemblage I, and 1 sample was classified in assemblage B, sub-assemblage IV. B.hominis was detected in 48 samples, 25 were classified as genotype III, 13 as genotype I, 8 samples as genotype VII and the 2 remaining isolates as genotype IV. Our null modelling confirmed the random protozoa co-occurrence and our PLSR analysis the lack of association between these enteric pathogens and clinical symptomatology. Conclusions: The occurrence of these enteric protozoa was purely random. Not specific interactions were detected between the four protozoa studied and neither their presence, jointly or separately, nor the patient’s age were predictors for developing clinical symptoms associated with these pathogens. Further research including a broader range of pathogen species is needed to address remaining knowledge gaps in co-infections and diarrhoeal disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymptomatic protozoa community infections in humans from southwestern China

Tian¹,

Ballesteros

Chen³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…3 Giardiasis, a cosmopolitan, zoonotic disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. 10 The lowest and highest prevalence of giardiasis in human populations varies between 4%-43% and 1%-7% in low-income and high-income countries, respectively. 11 It is the most common intestinal parasitic infection in Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing spatio‐temporal distribution of the most common human parasitic infections in Iran over two periods 2007 to 2012 and 2013 to 2018: A systematic quantitative literature review

Kiani

Raouf-Rahmati

Bergquist

et al. 2020

Health Planning & Management

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Summary This study analyses the spatio‐temporal trend of the prevalence of the four most prevalent parasitic diseases in Iran over two periods, 2007 to 2012 and 2013 to 2018, indicating high‐risk and low‐risk areas. Out of 19 126 articles, we selected 220 articles for data extraction and calculated the pooled prevalence for cutaneous leishmaniasis, human toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and blastocystosis for all 31 provinces in the country. Anselin local Moran's I was used to identify clusters and outliers in the prevalence rates. The mean prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was found 35.12 per 100 000 in 2007 to 2012 but fell to 19.12 per 100 000 in the 2013 to 2018 period. The mean prevalence of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis was 2.36% and 32.5%, respectively, in 2007 to 2012, which changed to 2.28% and 31.14% in 2013 to 2018. The total prevalence of giardiasis declined from 9.8% in 2007 to 2012 to 4.8% in 2013 to 2018, while the mean prevalence of blastocystosis declined from 8.9% in 2007 to 2012 to 6.76% in the 2013 to 2018 period. There was only one high‐high cluster in 2007 to 2012 and that was due to giardiasis, while there were two in 2013 to 2018, one for blastocystosis and one for chronic toxoplasmosis. The total prevalence of blastocystosis, giardiasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran has continually declined since 2007. In contrast, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant Iranian women has not been changed. Iran's Midwest has more parasitic infections compared to the Mideast, which may be explained by the existence of vast deserts and consequently dry and hot climate in the latter part of the country.

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“…intestinalis causes around 280 million human cases of diarrhea every year and infects more than 40 animal species [9][10][11]. It is the etiological agent of most diarrhea outbreaks caused by contaminated water, making it a water-borne disease [12]. The role of contaminated food in the spread of giardiasis is not well-documented, but it is thought that 7%-15% of infections are acquired through food transmission, making it a water-and food-borne disease [11,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia intestinalis and Fructose Malabsorption: A Frequent Association

et al. 2019

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Nowadays, scientific studies are emerging on the possible etiological role of intestinal parasites in functional digestive disorders. Our study was carried out with healthy individuals (control group; n = 82) and symptomatic patients with lactose or fructose malabsorption, including positive (malabsorbers; n = 213) and negative (absorbers; n = 56) breath test, being analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites. A high parasitic prevalence was observed in malabsorbers (41.8%), exclusively due to single-cell eukaryotes but not helminths. Giardia intestinalis was the predominant parasite in cases of abnormal absorption (26.5%), significantly associated with fructose malabsorption and doubling the probability of developing this pathology. Within controls, Blastocystis sp. (13.4%) was almost the only parasite, being the second among patients (12.6%), and Cryptosporidium parvum, the last species of clinical relevance, was detected exclusively in two malabsorbers (0.9%). The consumption of ecological food and professions with direct contact with humans arose as risk factors of parasitism. A diagnosis of carbohydrate malabsorption in adulthood is the starting point, making the search for the primary cause necessary. Accurate parasitological diagnosis should be considered another tool in the clinical routine for patients with recurrent symptoms, since their condition may be reversible with adequate therapeutic intervention.

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Giardia duodenalisin the UK: current knowledge of risk factors and public health implications

Cited by 40 publications

References 146 publications

Asymptomatic protozoa community infections in humans from southwestern China

Asymptomatic protozoa community infections in humans from southwestern China

Comparing spatio‐temporal distribution of the most common human parasitic infections in Iran over two periods 2007 to 2012 and 2013 to 2018: A systematic quantitative literature review

Giardia intestinalis and Fructose Malabsorption: A Frequent Association

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