Gelidium elegans, an Edible Red Seaweed, and Hesperidin Inhibit Lipid Accumulation and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species in 3T3‐L1 and RAW264.7 Cells

Abstract

Gelidium elegans is an edible red alga native to the intertidal area of northeastern Asia. We investigated the effect of G. elegans extract and its main flavonoids, rutin and hesperidin, on lipid accumulation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells. Our data show that G. elegans extract decreased lipid accumulation and ROS/RNS production in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also inhibited the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, while enhancing the protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases 1 and 2, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase compared with controls. In addition, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production was significantly reduced in G. elegans extract-treated RAW264.7 cells. In analysis of the effects of G. elegans flavonoids on lipid accumulation and ROS/RNS production, only hesperidin showed an inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation and ROS production; rutin did not affect adipogenesis and ROS status. The antiadipogenic effect of hesperidin was evidenced by the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, and fatty acid binding protein 4 gene expression. Collectively, our data suggest that G. elegans is a potential food source containing antiobesity and antioxidant constituents.

Gelidium elegans Regulates the AMPK-PRDM16-UCP-1 Pathway and Has a Synergistic Effect with Orlistat on Obesity-Associated Features in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

“…Our previous study, as well as recent studies, suggested that GENS may exert a protective effect on adipogenesis in adipocytes in vitro [49] and in adipose tissue mass in vivo by regulating C/EBPα and PPARγ proteins [19]. Consistent with previous results, our results showed that GENS decreased the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ in white adipose tissue in HFD-fed mice.…”

Natural antioxidants for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular targets and clinical perspectives

“…Jeon et al . indicated that hesperidin may interfere with lipid accumulation and a production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in mouse adipocyte‐like cells and macrophages . In accordance, two studies on rats reported protective effect of hesperidin against dimethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis by diminishing hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress and liver injury.…”

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Citrus Flavonoids Hesperidin and Hesperetin: An Updated Review of their Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Models

“…Jeon et al also reported a significant reduction on the LPSinduced NO production in Gelidium elegans extracttreated RAW264.7 cells. G. elegans is an edible red alga native to the intertidal area of northeastern Asia, which contains rutin and hesperidin as its main flavonoids (Jeon et al, 2014). Interestingly, in a correlative analysis of the methanolic extracts of seven citrus fruit peels, Hsd was not designated as the key determinant in the inhibition of PGE2 and NO production when compared to polymethoxy flavones.…”