Gastrodia elata polysaccharide alleviates Parkinson's disease via inhibiting apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways and modulating the gut microbiota

Abstract

Gastrodia elata polysaccharide significantly alleviated motor dysfunction, inhibited α-synuclein accumulation in PD mice via inhibiting apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways and modulating the gut microbiota.

The interplay between gut microbiota and the brain-gut axis in Parkinson’s disease treatment

“…Association with Non-motor Symptoms: Non-motor symptoms, including depression and anxiety, significantly detract from the quality of life for individuals with PD and often manifest prior to the disease's motor symptoms. This timing suggests a potential connection to early pathological changes within PD (13,18,20,21,24,26,28,31,33,34,36,39,42,43,45,47,50,51,53,55,58,59,61). The gut-brain axis mediates the gut microbiota's effect on mood and behavior, with specific bacterial strains producing neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, crucial for mood regulation (9,13,16,18,20,22,25,27,30,32,35,37,43,45,50,52,56,58).…”

“…In PD, alterations in the production of gut microbiota-derived metabolites may compromise neuronal health and foster neurodegeneration ( 19 , 20 , 22 , 24–26 , 28 , 30–32 , 35–44 , 46–54 , 56–61 ). The microbiota’s capacity to regulate the secretion of gut hormones such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), both noted for their neuroprotective properties, may also be pivotal in modulating PD’s progression ( 23 , 27 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 39 , 53 ).…”

“…The incorporation of probiotics—beneficial live microorganisms—has been recognized for its positive influence on gut health. In the context of PD, probiotics may mitigate gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation and could potentially decelerate the disease’s progression by modulating inflammatory responses and exerting neuroprotective effects ( 23 , 31 , 33–35 , 38 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 60 , 61 ). Similarly, the ketogenic diet, characterized by its high fat and low carbohydrate content, is posited to offer benefits to PD patients by providing an alternative energy source for brain cells and potentially reshaping the gut microbiota composition, thus mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress associated with PD pathology ( 20 , 22 , 32 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 46 , 51 ).…”

“…Cognitive impacts and PD-related dementia : Cognitive impairment, including dementia, poses a significant challenge in PD, potentially progressing as the disease advances ( 14 , 15 , 17 , 23 , 30 , 41 , 44 , 48 , 52 ). The gut microbiota’s role in cognitive health is increasingly acknowledged, with evidence suggesting that dysbiosis may underlie the cognitive decline observed in PD ( 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 60 ). Certain bacteria influence the levels of amyloid and tau proteins, associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and PD-related dementia ( 9 , 19 , 22 , 28 , 34 , 38 , 46 , 51 , 54 , 58 , 61 ).…”