Fusobacterium nucleatum Transports Noninvasive Streptococcus cristatus into Human Epithelial Cells

Filifactor alocis – a new emerging periodontal pathogen

“…These attributes were enhanced in the presence of P. gingivalis [15]. While a similar enhancement of invasion was observed between P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and P. intermedia [24], F. nucleatum and Streptococcus cristatus [25], and F. nucleatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [26], the exact mechanism for F. alocis is unclear.…”

Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen

“…Furthermore, the increased endothelial permeability allows other bacteria in the vicinity to penetrate through, a likely reason why F. nucleatum is often found in mixed infections at extra-oral sites. It has been shown in vitro that F. nucleatum facilitates both intra-cellular and inter-cellular invasion of other species, such as Streptococcus cristatus and E. coli [101,102]. …”

Interkingdom networking within the oral microbiome

“…Hitch-hiking involves the carriage of one organism by another across the epithelial cell barrier, as exemplified in the diagram by interactions of fungi-bacteria and bacteria-virus. Bacteria-bacteria hitch-hiking is also documented [70] but is not shown. Hitch-hiking extends the repertoire of microbe-host cell interactions.…”