I. Functional properties of neurons in lateral part of associative area 7 in awake monkeys

Leinonen, Lea; Hyvärinen, Juhani; Nyman, Göte; Linnankoski, Ilkka

doi:10.1007/bf00235675

Cited by 111 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Neurophysiological studies on monkeys demonstrate that there are more receptors for detecting stimuli close to the body (Rizzolatti, 1983;Rizzolatti & Camarda, 1987). Furthermore, many studies indicate that specific cortical areas are excited by stimuli in peripersonal (within arm's reach) or extrapersonal space (Leinonen, Hyvarinen, Nyman, & Linnankoski, 1979;Rizzolatti, Scandolara, Matelli, & Gentilucci, 1981). Studies of brain damage also indicate anatomical correlates for attention to near or far areas ofthe depth plane in humans (Bisiach, Perani, Vallar, & Berti, 1986;Coslett, Schwartz, Goldberg, Haas, & Perkins, 1993;Halligan & Marshall, 1991;Heilman, Chatterjee, & Doty, 1995;Vuilleumier, Valenza, Mayer, Reverdin, & Landis, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention switching in depth using random-dot autostereograms: Attention gradient asymmetries

Arnott

Shedden

2000

Perception & Psychophysics

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Random-dot autostereograms (RDASs) were used to investigate attention shifts along the sagittal plane in distractor-free tasks of high perceptual load. In three experiments using a same/different comparison task, the shape of the gradient over five different depths was examined and the conditions under which the gradient is and is not observed were compared. When the target set consisted of five similar objects, a robust asynunetric depth gradient was observed. When the target set consisted of two dissimilar objects, no gradient was observed. The results support a hypothesis of a viewer-centered asymmetric attention gradient in the depth plane that is dependent on perceptual or attentionalload defmed by target-set discriminability.It is well established that attention can be allocated to different positions in a two-dimensional (2-D) visual field (Eriksen & St. James, 1986;LaBerge, 1983;Posner, 1980;Posner & Cohen, 1984). However, maneuvering through a three-dimensional (3-D) world also requires shifts ofattention in depth. Moving toward a distant object, for example, may involve constant shifts of visual attention between objects in the immediate foreground and those in the distance.Studies using real 3-D scenes have shown distance effects as well as directional asymmetries. These effects are measured as costs and benefits to validly and invalidly cued targets in a variation ofthe classic Posner (1980) task and suggest that attention can be allocated to different depth planes. For example, in experiments that present curved rows of lights at different depths (Downing & Pinker, 1985) or single lights aligned along the sagittal axis of the observer (Gawryszewski, Riggio, Rizzolatti, & Umilta, 1987), responses are faster to validly cued targets and slower to invalidly cued targets. Moreover, there is an asymmetry: A faster reallocation ofattention is found when observers switch attention from a far to a near (F-N) location than when they switch attention from a near to a far (N-F) location, suggesting that attention in depth operates from a body-centered awareness.Criticisms ofthese studies have addressed the fact that target intensities may vary in depth in a real 3-D scene This research was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant OGPOl70353 to 1.M.S. We thank Paul Atchley, Claude Alain, Jan Theeuwes, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Thanks to Shanthy Ratnasingari for collecting the data for Experiment 2 and to Stephanie Hevenor for collecting the data for Experiment 3. Correspondence concerning this article should be directed to 1. M. Shedden, 406 Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K I Canada (e-mail: shedden@mcmaster.caorstephena@psych.utoronto.ca). (Andersen & Kramer, 1993;Atchley, Kramer, Andersen, & Theeuwes, 1997). This may lead to behavioral differences that are based on discrimination owing to intensity rather than on differences in depth. Furthermore, the use oflong cue-to-target stimulus onset asy...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention switching in depth using random-dot autostereograms: Attention gradient asymmetries

Arnott

Shedden

2000

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Caudal to S2 is area 7b, which has been well described in non-human primates (Dong et al 1994;Hyvarinen 1981;Leinonen et al 1979;Neal et al 1987;Robinson and Burton 1980b,c;Vogt and Vogt 1919). Rostral to PV, an area termed the parietal rostroventral area (PR) has been described in prosimian Galagos (Wu and Kaas 2003), owl monkeys (Stepniewska et al 2006), marmoset monkeys (Krubitzer Qi et al 2002), titi monkeys (Coq et al 2004), and macaque monkeys (Disbrow et al 2002(Disbrow et al , 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Both PV and S2 have dense connections with PR and 7b, respectively (Coq et al 2004;Disbrow et al 2003). Neurons in 7b respond to visual (Dong et al 1994;Leinonen et al 1979;Robinson and Burton 1980c) and noxious (Dong et al 1994;Robinson and Burton 1980c) stimulation, and Robinson and Burton (1980c) reported that passive somatosensory stimulation produced activity in about 50% of neurons in 7b. More recently Fitzgerald and colleagues (2004) described rostral and caudal zones in the S2 region in which single neurons responded well during active grasping of objects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensorimotor Integration in S2, PV, and Parietal Rostroventral Areas of the Human Sylvian Fissure

Hinkley

Krubitzer

Nagarajan

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Hinkley LB, Krubitzer LA, Nagarajan SS, Disbrow EA. Sensorimotor integration in S2, PV, and parietal rostroventral areas of the human Sylvian fissure. J Neurophysiol 97: 1288 -1297, 2007. First published November 22, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.00733.2006. We explored cortical fields on the upper bank of the Sylvian fissure using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure responses to two stimulus conditions: a tactile stimulus applied to the right hand and a tactile stimulus with an additional movement component. fMRI data revealed bilateral activation in S2/PV in response to tactile stimulation alone and source localization of MEG data identified a peak latency of 122 ms in a similar location. During the tactile and movement condition, fMRI revealed bilateral activation of S2/PV and an anterior field, while MEG data contained one source at a location identical to the tactileonly condition with a latency of 96 ms and a second rostral source with a longer latency (136 ms). Furthermore, Region-of-interest analysis of fMRI data identified increased bilateral activation in S2/PV and the rostral area in the tactile and movement condition compared with the tactile only condition. An area of cortex immediately rostral to S2/PV in monkeys has been called the parietal rostroventral area (PR). Based on location, latency, and conditions under which this field was active, we have termed the rostral area of human cortex PR as well. These findings indicate that humans, like non-human primates, have a cortical field rostral to PV that processes proprioceptive inputs, both S2/PV and PR play a role in somatomotor integration necessary for manual exploration and object discrimination, and there is a temporal hierarchy of processing with S2/PV active prior to PR.

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“…On the contrary, near space seems to be represented in frontal area 6 and in the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobe, e.g., in area 7b (Leinonen, Hyvarinen, Nymani, & Linnankoski, 1979) and in area VIP (Duhamel, Bremmer, BenHamed, & Graf, 1997;Colby, Duhamel, & Goldberg, 1993). Some VIP neurons seem to code an ultra-near space, centered around the mouth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Far Becomes Near: Remapping of Space by Tool Use

Berti

Frassinetti

2000

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

630

398

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Abstract& Far (extrapersonal) and near (peripersonal) spaces are behaviorally defined as the space outside the hand-reaching distance and the space within the hand-reaching distance. Animal and human studies have confirmed this distinction, showing that space is not homogeneously represented in the brain. In this paper we demonstrate that the coding of space as ''far'' and ''near'' is not only determined by the hand-reaching distance, but it is also dependent on how the brain represents the extension of the body space. We will show that when the cerebral representation of body space is extended to include objects or tools used by the subject, space previously mapped as far can be remapped as near. Patient P.P., after a right hemisphere stroke, showed a dissociation between near and far spaces in the manifestation of neglect. Indeed, in a line bisection task, neglect was apparent in near space, but not in far space when bisection in the far space was performed with a projection lightpen. However, when in the far space bisection was performed with a stick, used by the patient to reach the line, neglect appeared and was as severe as neglect in the near space. An artificial extension of the patient's body (the stick) caused a remapping of far space as near space. &

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I. Functional properties of neurons in lateral part of associative area 7 in awake monkeys

Cited by 111 publications

References 38 publications

Attention switching in depth using random-dot autostereograms: Attention gradient asymmetries

Attention switching in depth using random-dot autostereograms: Attention gradient asymmetries

Sensorimotor Integration in S2, PV, and Parietal Rostroventral Areas of the Human Sylvian Fissure

When Far Becomes Near: Remapping of Space by Tool Use

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