Flavobacterium

Abstract

Fla.vo.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj. flavus yellow; L. neut. n. bacterium a rod or staff and, in biology, a bacterium (so called because the first ones observed were rod‐shaped); N.L. neut. n. Flavobacterium a yellow bacterium. Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Flavobacterium Straight or slightly curved, single rods with rounded or slightly tapered ends typically about 0.3–0.5 µm in diameter and variable in length, often 2–5 µm; shorter (1 µm) or filamentous (10–40 µm) cells and pleomorphism also occur. The longer rods are flexible. Do not form endospores. Several species produce spherical degenerative forms (spheroplasts) in stationary growth phase. Nonmotile or motile by gliding. Flagella have not been reported. Colonies are pale to bright yellow due to the production of nondiffusible, nonfluorescent carotenoid or flexirubin types of pigments or both . Gram‐stain‐negative. Chemoorganotrophic. Most species are obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. A few species may also grow weakly under microaerobic to anaerobic conditions. About half of the species are able to reduce nitrate to nitrite, but only one species is able to carry out complete denitrification . The optimum growth temperature range is 20–30°C for most temperate species and 15–20°C for most cold‐living species. Most species grow readily on nutrient and tryptic soy agars; no growth factors are required. Most species also grow on media containing up to 2–4% NaCl. Usually positive for catalase and oxidase . About half of the species are able to oxidize carbohydrates. Esculin and starch are hydrolyzed by most species, but agar and carboxymethylcellulose are hydrolyzed by only a few species. Strong proteolytic activity occurs. Menaquinone MK‐6 is the only or predominant respiratory quinone. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C 15:0 , C 15:0 iso, C 15:0 iso 3‐OH, C 15:0 anteiso, C 15:1 ω6 c , C 15:1 iso G , C 16:0 iso 3‐OH, and C 17:0 iso 3‐OH, as well as C 15:0 iso 2‐OH and/or C 16:1 ω7 c and/or C 16:1 ω7 t . Sphingophospholipids are absent in all tested species. Homospermidine is the major polyamine in all tested species. Occur in soil and in freshwater, marine, or saline environments in warm, temperate, or polar locations. Three species are pathogenic for freshwater fish and three others have occasionally been isolated from diseased freshwater fish. DNA G + C content ( mol %): 30–41. Type species : Flavobacterium aquatile (Frankland and Frankland 1889) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, 100 ( Bacillus aquatilis Frankland and Frankland 1889, 381) (not Flavobacterium antarcticum as erroneously printed in Bernardet and Bowman, 2006).

A Comparative Study on the Faecal Bacterial Community and Potential Zoonotic Bacteria of Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in Northeast Greenland, Northwest Greenland and Norway

“…The results of NWGM are nevertheless regarded as most likely being a consequence of the differing sampling technique, with the vast difference between NWGM and NM/NEGM communities far exceeding expected community variation. For example, Firmicutes dominates faecal bacterial communities across mammal species but the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was reversed in NWGM and there were increases in aerobic bacteria known to occur in the Arctic environment (Flavobacteriales and Sphingobacteriales), indicating environmental contamination [ 69 , 70 ]. This raises questions about using dried (delayed sampling from dropping) faecal samples in characterizing the gut-associated microbial communities [ 71 , 72 ] and we therefore recommend interpreting microbial community data produced from dried faecal samples cautiously.…”

Immune tolerance to an intestine-adapted bacteria, Chryseobacterium sp., injected into the hemocoel of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis

“…Chryseobacterium was originally isolated by Vandamme et al . 41 ; since then, many species have been identified in soil, clinical samples, and the guts of insects 42 43 . Recently, Chryseobacterium sp.…”

Phenolic substances as regulators of the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes of the strains Pleurotus eryngii, Fistulina hepatica and Agrocybe cylindracea

“…Swabs made of pathological material were stained according to Gram with methylene blue solution. Primary inoculation was performed with fragments of affected skin and gill tissue of dead fish into the meat-peptone agar and cultured at 26 °C for 24 h. Subsequently, special nutrient media were inoculated and the pure culture obtained was identified based on morphological, cultural, tinctorial properties (Bernardet & Bowman, 2006). The sensitivity of F. columnare pure culture to antibacterial drugs was studied.…”