<i>Flames: Their Structure, Radiation and Temperature</i>

Gaydon, A. G.; Wolfhard, H. G.; Fristrom, R. M.

doi:10.1063/1.3022389

Cited by 54 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…The maximal levels are achieved at excess air values higher than the critical one defined by increased CO. However, these maximal levels shows a slight diphase for CH* and C 2 * radicals, according to the observations of Gaydon and others [8,3].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

A measuring method based on photodiodes for the diagnostic of optimal combustion conditions

Arias¹,

Farías²,

Torres³

et al. 2008

WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences

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A non-intrusive method for monitoring flames in gas burners is presented. The method is based on the optical analysis of the flame by using a Silicon Photodiodes array and a set of interference optical filters. The covered wavelengths evaluate the formation and behaviour of excited CH* and C 2 * radicals for confined gas flames. The monitoring of these radicals is carried out in the flame reaction region at the burner exit, where the C 2 */CH* ratio signals provide enough information to identify the optimal fuel-air ratio in order to obtain the boiler maximal efficiency and to prevent an incomplete combustion. The experimental results obtained for two power levels, in a boiler of 150 kW, demonstrate that the C 2 */CH* ratio provides important information concerning the combustion state and gives a clear indication about the burner adjustment when CO emissions begin to increase to the upper the levels accepted by environmental laws. The fast response and its non-intrusive character give to the proposed optical sensor an important potential to be used in advanced control strategies for the on-line optimization of the combustion process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

A measuring method based on photodiodes for the diagnostic of optimal combustion conditions

Arias¹,

Farías²,

Torres³

et al. 2008

WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences

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“…Efforts to directly measure temperatures behind shock waves have been attempted since the development of the sodium linereversal technique for the determination of flame temperatures (28,29). Sodium-line radiation, when passed through a gas containing sodium vapor, causes the atoms to emit or absorb radiation depending on whether the temperature of the gas is higher or lower than that of the source.…”

Section: Measurement Of Shock Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of methyl iodide-iodine exchange in a shock tube

Kassman

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“…In the process, dissociation reactions provide part of the energy required for ionization since they are exothermic and the rest of it comes from the flame. Excited methyl radical (CH * ) is a known contributor to chemi-ionization in the hydrocarbon flames [16,17]. The CH * radical reacts with oxygen atoms in the flame to produce CHO + [18], and electrons according to the following reaction equation:…”

Section: Flame Ionisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave attenuation in forest fuel flames

Mphale

Luhanga

Heron

2008

Combustion and Flame

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The flames of forest fuels form a weakly ionized gas. Assuming a Maxwellian velocity distribution of flame particle and collision frequencies much higher than plasma frequencies, the propagation of microwaves through forest fuel flames is predicted to have attenuation and phase shift. A controlled fire burner was constructed where various natural vegetation materials could be used as fuel. The burner was equipped with thermocouples and used as a cavity for microwaves with a laboratory quality network analyzer to measure phase and attenuation. The controlled fires had temperatures in the range of 500-1000 K and microwave attenuation of 1.0-4.5 dB m −1 was observed across the 0.5 m diameter cavity. Attenuations of this magnitude could affect active remote sensing systems signals at microwave frequencies in forest fire environments where flame depths of up to 50 m are possible. In the experiment, temperature was not the only controlling parameter for the ionisation; type of fuel burnt also influenced it. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis of the composition of the fuel confirmed that a higher content of alkali (with low ionization potential) lead to higher electron densities. Electron densities in the range of 0.32-3.21 × 10 16 m −3 and collision frequencies of 1.1-4.0 × 10 10 s −1 were observed for flames with temperature in the range of 730-1000 K.

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Flames: Their Structure, Radiation and Temperature

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

A measuring method based on photodiodes for the diagnostic of optimal combustion conditions

A measuring method based on photodiodes for the diagnostic of optimal combustion conditions

Kinetics of methyl iodide-iodine exchange in a shock tube

Microwave attenuation in forest fuel flames

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