<i>Experiments in Hearing</i>

Békésy, Gerog von; Peake, William T.

doi:10.1121/1.399656

Cited by 165 publications

(183 citation statements)

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“…In the normal (healthy) cochlea the volume velocity and pressure wave introduced at the oval window travel along and across the cochlear partition and out through the round window. The resultant pressure difference across the cochlear partition evokes a traveling wave of basilar-membrane motion and stimulates the hair cells in the Organ of Corti (von Bekesy, 1960;Ruggero et al, 1990), resulting in auditory stimulation in response to airconducted sound. In the case of either pathological or experimentally introduced SCD, an additional pathway for the volume velocity and pressure wave is hypothesized.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Decreased Sensitivity To Ac Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of superior canal dehiscence on cochlear potential in response to air-conducted stimuli in chinchilla

Songer

Rosowski

2005

Hearing Research

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A superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) is a break or hole in the bony wall of the superior semicircular canal. Patients with SCD syndrome present with a variety of symptoms: some with vestibular symptoms, others with auditory symptoms (including low-frequency conductive hearing loss) and yet others with both. We are interested in whether or not mechanically altering the superior canal by introducing a dehiscence is sufficient to cause the low-frequency conductive hearing loss associated with SCD syndrome. We evaluated the effect of a surgically introduced dehiscence on auditory responses to air-conducted (AC) stimuli in 11 chinchilla ears. Cochlear potential (CP) was recorded at the round-window before and after a dehiscence was introduced. In each ear, a decrease in CP in response to low frequency (<2 kHz) sound stimuli was observed after the introduction of the dehiscence. The dehiscence was then patched with cyanoacrylate glue leading to a reversal of the dehiscence-induced changes in CP. The reversible decrease in auditory sensitivity observed in chinchilla is consistent with the elevated AC thresholds observed in patients with SCD. According to the 'third-window' hypothesis the SCD shunts sound-induced stapes velocity away from the cochlea, resulting in decreased auditory sensitivity to AC sounds. The data collected in this study are consistent with predictions of this hypothesis.

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Section: Mechanism Of Decreased Sensitivity To Ac Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of superior canal dehiscence on cochlear potential in response to air-conducted stimuli in chinchilla

Songer

Rosowski

2005

Hearing Research

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“…One possible problem with the idea of cochlear vibration being directly related to perception of BC sound is that BC perception is not a single phenomenon but caused by several mechanisms, all contributing to the final BC perception (Stenfelt and Goode, 2005b;Stenfelt, 2011;Tonndorf, 1966;von Békésy, 1960). Even if the ultimate excitation in the cochlea is a traveling wave on the basilar membrane (Stenfelt et al, 2003b;Stenfelt, 2007;von Békésy, 1932), there are contributors that may not be directly related to the vibration of the cochlea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure

Reinfeldt¹,

Stenfelt²,

Hȧkansson³

2013

Hearing Research

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Bone conduction sound transmission in the human skull and the occlusion effect were estimated from hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure (ECSP) measured by a probe tube microphone when stimulation was at three positions on the skull (ipsilateral mastoid, contralateral mastoid, and forehead). The measurements were done with the ear-canal open as well as occluded by an ear-plug. Depending on the estimation method, transcranial transmission at frequencies below 1 kHz was between -8 and 5 dB, around 0 dB at 1 kHz that decreased with frequency to between -17 and -7 dB at 8 kHz. The forehead transmission was, except at frequencies between 1 and 2 kHz, similar to that proposed in the standard ISO:389-3 (1994) when the threshold measurements were conducted with open ear-canals. Compared with the same measurements using hearing thresholds, the ECSP gave similar transmission results at most frequencies, but differed at 0.5, 0.75, 2 and 3 kHz. One probable reason for the differences between thresholds and ECSP measures was a significant perception improvement (lower thresholds) when the stimulation was at the ipsilateral mastoid that was not found at the other positions. This improvement, which also was present in the occlusion effect data, was hypothesized to originate in greater sensitivity of the cochlea for vibration in line with the ipsilateral stimulation direction than from other directions.

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“…For sinewaves, the frequency may be coded in the place that is excited most on the BM. This is the basis of the classic place theory of pitch (10,60). However, this code is not robust; the position of the peak produced by a given frequency is level dependent (61,62).…”

Section: Coding Of the Frequency Of Sinewavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The response of the BM to stimulation with a sinewave (also called a sinusoid or pure tone) takes the form of a wave that moves along the BM from the base toward the apex (10). The amplitude of the wave increases at first with increasing distance from the base and then decreases rather abruptly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coding of Sounds in the Auditory System and Its Relevance to Signal Processing and Coding in Cochlear Implants

Moore

2003

Otology & Neurotology

146

127

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Objective: To review how the properties of sounds are "coded" in the normal auditory system and to discuss the extent to which cochlear implants can and do represent these codes. Data Sources: Data are taken from published studies of the response of the cochlea and auditory nerve to simple and complex stimuli, in both the normal and the electrically stimulated ear. Review Content: The review describes: 1) the coding in the normal auditory system of overall level (which partly determines perceived loudness), spectral shape (which partly determines perceived timbre and the identity of speech sounds), periodicity (which partly determines pitch), and sound location; 2) the role of the active mechanism in the cochlea, and particularly the fast-acting compression associated with that mechanism; 3) the neural response patterns evoked by cochlear implants; and 4) how the response patterns evoked by implants differ from those observed in the normal auditory system in response to sound. A series of specific issues is then discussed, including: 1) how to compensate for the loss of cochlear compression; 2) the effective number of independent channels in a normal ear and in cochlear implantees; 3) the importance of independence of responses across neurons; 4) the stochastic nature of normal neural responses; 5) the possible role of across-channel coincidence detection; and 6) potential benefits of binaural implantation. Conclusions: Current cochlear implants do not adequately reproduce several aspects of the neural coding of sound in the normal auditory system. Improved electrode arrays and coding systems may lead to improved coding and, it is hoped, to better performance.

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Experiments in Hearing

Cited by 165 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of superior canal dehiscence on cochlear potential in response to air-conducted stimuli in chinchilla

The effect of superior canal dehiscence on cochlear potential in response to air-conducted stimuli in chinchilla

Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure

Coding of Sounds in the Auditory System and Its Relevance to Signal Processing and Coding in Cochlear Implants

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