Ex‐situ Antimony Screen‐printed Carbon Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Ni(II)‐ions in Wastewater

Abstract

An Ex‐situ antimony film screen‐printed carbon electrode (Ex‐situ SbSPCE) was successfully applied for the determination of Ni(II), by means of adsorptive stripping voltammetry using dimethylglyoxime as complexing agent, in a certified reference wastewater sample. This electrode is proposed as an alternative to more conventional antimony film electrodes. Ex‐situ SbSPCE was analytically characterized and the obtained parameters suggest that Ex‐situ SbSPCE behaves much better than both Ex‐situ BiSPCE and BispSPE for Ni(II) determination. The results confirm the applicability of Ex‐situ SbSPCE for the determination of low concentration levels of Ni(II) in natural samples with a very high reproducibility and good trueness.

Antimony- based electrodes for analytical determinations

“…However, currently an increasing number of types of SPE can be commercially purchased from different firms specialized in the design and mass production of instruments for electrochemical purposes [47,50]. As can be seen in Table 3, almost all studies, which use a SbSPE, focus again on quantification of heavy metal ions in different water samples by means of stripping techniques [10,52,[47][48][49][50]. Nevertheless, SbSPE prepared on-line and installed as part of a sequential injection system, was also used as an electrochemical detector to determine azo dyes in food samples [52].…”

“…As can be seen in Table 3, almost all studies, which use a SbSPE, focus again on quantification of heavy metal ions in different water samples by means of stripping techniques [10,52,[47][48][49][50]. Nevertheless, SbSPE prepared on-line and installed as part of a sequential injection system, was also used as an electrochemical detector to determine azo dyes in food samples [52]. The determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) was also attempted using different bulkmodified SPE [47,50], being the Sb III (C 2 O 4 )OH-SPE the one which produced the highest sensitivity for both considered metal ions.…”

“…9(e.g., Dropsens, PalmSens Electrochemical Sensor Interface, Pine Research Instrumentation, eDAQ, Metrohm, Micrux Technologies, etc). Similarly to other supports, the working electrode of the SPE device can be modified via the usual Sb-coating methods.Commonly, carbon is the preferred material for the working electrode surface for the modification with Sb via in-situ or ex-situ[10,49,[51][52], although the working carbon layer can also be modified with novel material such as 4 % (w/w) of MWCNTs and 4 % (w/w) of [Bmim]BF that were added into the graphite carbon ink[48]. For the "bulk" modification approach Sb 2 O 3 , SnO 2 /Sb 2 O 5 , or Sb III (C 2 O 4 )OH were used as a metal precursor which is loaded with graphite at different loadings during SPE fabrication…”

Determination of Pd(II) using an antimony film coated on a screen-printed electrode by adsorptive stripping voltammetry

“…Then, the ex-situ SbSPCE was rinsed with water and ready to use. This procedure was tested earlier [26], yielding a very high reproducibility and repeatability.…”

“…In fact, from the best of our knowledge, only a glassy carbon electrode modified with a composite of reduced graphene oxide impregnated with antimony nanoparticles was proposed for this purpose [25]; but the application of antimony coated on screen-printed electrodes (SbSPE) for the Pd(II) determination are not yet attempted. It is worth noting that SbSPE, unlike antimony coated on glassy carbon electrodes (SbGCE), do not require any pre-polishing and in particular Sb film coated on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SbSPCE) can be used for a large set of measurements using the same electrode unit [26].…”