“…Microorganisms, such as bacteria [2], fungi [3], and coccolithophores [4], and macroorganisms, such as mollusks [5] and coral [6], are well known to biomineralize CaCO 3 . The biomineralization of silicon dioxide (i.e., silica) (SiO 2 ) [7][8][9][10], calcium phosphate (i.e., apatite) [11,12], magnesium hydroxide (i.e., brucite) (Mg(OH) 2 ) [13][14][15], iron oxides (e.g., hematite, magnetite) (Fe 2 O 3 ) [16,17], and aluminum oxide (i.e., alumina) (Al 2 O 3 ) [7,18,19] also occurs in a multitude of micro-and macroorganisms, such as diatoms [9], bacteria [17], mollusks [5] and other higher-level organisms [20][21][22][23].…”