<i>Enterococcus gilvus</i>
            sp. nov. and
            <i>Enterococcus pallens</i>
            sp. nov. Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens

Tyrrell, Gregory J.; Turnbull, LeeAnn; Teixeira, Lúcia Martins; Lefebvre, Johanne; Carvalho, Maria da Glória; Facklam, Richard R.; Lovgren, Marguerite

doi:10.1128/jcm.40.4.1140-1145.2002

Cited by 71 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, the other ATP-secreting enterococcus, E. faecium, is important for nosocomial infections (24,25). E. gilvus was isolated from the bile of a patient suffering from cholecystitis (pathogenic role is unclear) (26), and E. cecorum is associated with endocarditis (27). Therefore, ATP-secreting enterococci might be considered clinically problematic pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Triggers ATP Secretion from Bacteria in a Growth-Phase-Dependent Manner

Hironaka

Iwase

Sugimoto

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ATP modulates immune cell functions, and ATP derived from gut commensal bacteria promotes the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the intestinal lamina propria. We recently reported that Enterococcus gallinarum, isolated from mice and humans, secretes ATP. We have since found and characterized several ATP-secreting bacteria. Of the tested enterococci, Enterococcus mundtii secreted the greatest amount of ATP (>2 M/10 8 cells) after overnight culture. Glucose, not amino acids and vitamins, was essential for ATP secretion from E. mundtii. Analyses of energy-deprived cells demonstrated that glycolysis is the most important pathway for bacterial ATP secretion. Furthermore, exponential-phase E. mundtii and Enterococcus faecalis cells secrete ATP more efficiently than stationary-phase cells. Other bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, also secrete ATP in exponential but not stationary phase. These results suggest that various gut bacteria, including commensals and pathogens, might secrete ATP at any growth phase and modulate immune cell function. ATP is the source of energy within living cells and acts as an allosteric effector of numerous cell processes, such as active transport, nucleic acid synthesis, muscle activity, and movement (1-5).In mammalian cells, ATP is the neurotransmitter for purinergic signal transmission (6). ATP is stored in secretory vesicles and exocytosed, leading to various purinergic responses, such as central control of autonomic functions, pain and mechanosensory transduction, neural-glial interactions, control of vessel tone and angiogenesis, and platelet aggregation through purinoceptors, thus establishing its role as a chemical transmitter (7)(8)(9)(10)(11).ATP modulates immune cell function by activating the ATP receptors P2X and P2Y (11-13). Furthermore, ATP has been found in the intestinal lumen, where it promotes differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the lamina propria (14). Germ-free (GF) mice exhibited much lower concentrations of fecal ATP, accompanied by fewer lamina propria Th17 cells, than specificpathogen-free (SPF) mice. In addition, antibiotic-treated SPF mice showed marked reductions in the number of Th17 cells and in the concentration of fecal ATP. Systemic or rectal administration of ATP markedly increases the number of lamina propria Th17 cells in GF mice. Thus, ATP driven from commensal bacteria activates the lamina propria, leading to local differentiation of Th17 cells. However, ATP-secreting bacteria have not been identified in the intestinal lumen of SPF mice.Recently, we reported that Enterococcus gallinarum, a vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive coccus isolated from SPF mice, secretes ATP; other tested bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, did not (15). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation and identification of ATP-secreting bacteria from the feces of SPF mice. However, whether other enterococcal species sec...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Triggers ATP Secretion from Bacteria in a Growth-Phase-Dependent Manner

Hironaka

Iwase

Sugimoto

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Eleven isolates, obtained from Lisbon Veterinarian Faculty, were reported as dog-infecting strains. When phenotypic and molecular methods (6,33,35) The species E. villorum (45), E. haemoperoxidus and E. moraviensis (40), E. porcinus and E. ratti (43), and E. pallens and E. gilvus (44) were not included in the study, since they have been proposed and accepted as new species more recently.…”

Section: Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enterococcus faecalis causes 80 to 90% of human enterococcal infections, and E. faecium accounts for the majority of the remainder. Other enterococcal species, including E. avium, E. casseliflavus, E. durans, E. gallinarum, E. gilvus, E. hirae, E. malodoratus, E. mundtii, E. pallens, E. raffinosus, and E. solitarius, are infrequent causes of human infection (29,30,31,34,37,44).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Study Using Type Strains and Clinical and Food Isolates To Examine Hemolytic Activity and Occurrence of the cyl Operon in Enterococci

et al. 2003

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The hemolytic ability, the presence of cyl genes, and the diagnostic accuracy of cytolysin molecular detection were investigated in the genus Enterococcus by using 164 strains from 20 different species (26 reference strains, 42 clinical isolates from human and veterinary origin, and 96 isolates from ewe cheese and milk). Hemolysis was assayed with sheep and horse erythrocytes and under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Screening of cytolysin genes (cylL L , cylL S , cylM, cylB, and cylA) was performed with new specific primers and the anaerobic assay of beta-hemolysis was used as the "gold standard" for the evaluation of cyl gene-based PCRs. Since beta-hemolysis and cyl genes were found in 10 and 14 species, respectively, the hemolytic ability seems to be spread throughout the genus Enterococcus. Beta-hemolysis was observed in 6 of 26 (23%) reference strains, 14 of 42 (33%) clinical isolates, and 6 of 96 (6%) food isolates. The presence of cyl genes was detected in 15 of 26 (58%) reference strains, 37 of 42 (88%) clinical isolates, and 67 of 96 (70%) food isolates. These data indicate a virulence potential in food isolates, reinforcing the need of their safety assessment. Analysis of phenotypicgenotypic congruence suggests a divergent sequence evolution of cyl genes and the effect of environmental factors in the regulation of cytolysin expression. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of cytolysin molecular detection points to cylL L -based PCR and cylL L L S MBA-based PCR as the most reliable approaches. Nevertheless, the low sensitivity (46%) and gene variability indicated by our study strongly recommend the phenotypic assay for the assessment of hemolytic ability in enterococci, followed by the molecular screening of cyl genes in nonhemolytic strains to evaluate their virulence potential.

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“…Int J Food Microbiol (in press). Characters are based on those obtained in the present study and/ or reported elsewhere (Devriese et al, 1993;Tyrrell et al, 2002). …”

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confidence: 99%

Enterococcus hermanniensis sp. nov., from modified-atmosphere-packaged broiler meat and canine tonsils

Koort

Coenye

Vandamme

et al. 2004

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Isolates 302, 334, 356, 377 and 379, detected in modified-atmosphere-packaged broiler meat, together with strains LMG 12317 T and LMG 13617, detected in dog tonsils, were analysed in a polyphasic taxonomy study, including numerical analysis of ribopatterns and whole-cell protein patterns, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization and determination of some phenotypic properties. The results indicated that these isolates represent a novel species in the genus Enterococcus. The isolates showed classical phenotypic reactions for the genus Enterococcus with the exception of not possessing the Lancefield group D antigen. Isolates 334, LMG 12317 T and LMG 13617 showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98?3-99?0 %) to the Enterococcus pallens type strain. In the distance matrix tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the three isolates were located in the Enterococcus avium group with E. pallens as their closest phylogenetic neighbour. Numerical analyses of whole-cell protein patterns and HindIII/EcoRI ribotypes placed all seven isolates together in a single cluster separated from the E. avium group reference strains. The DNA-DNA hybridization level between strains 334 and LMG 12317 T was 93?5 %, confirming that they represent the same species. Low hybridization levels (12-30 %) were, by contrast, obtained with the E. pallens and Enterococcus raffinosus type strains. The name Enterococcus hermanniensis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain LMG 12317 T (=CCUG 48100 T ) as the type strain.Phylogenetically, the genus Enterococcus belongs to the clostridial branch of the Gram-positive bacteria. It was not officially recognized as a separate genus until 1984, when [Streptococcus] faecalis and [Streptococcus] faecium were reclassified as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively (Schleifer & Kilpper-Bälz, 1984). Since then, the number of enterococcal species described has increased, not only by the species transferred from the group D Streptococcus, but also by the description of several novel species. At the time of writing, over 20 species are classified as enterococci. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, four phylogenetic groups (E. faecium, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus cecorum species groups) have been described (Williams et al., 1991).During a study of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the spoilage population in modified-atmosphere-packaged (MAP), marinated, broiler legs, several unidentified LAB isolates were detected (Björkroth et al., 2004). Five isolates (302, 334, 356, 377 and 379) originating from fresh packages showed HindIII ribopatterns resembling the patterns of some known enterococci. The patterns of these five isolates were designated types UIVa and UIVb by Björkroth et al. (2004). When these isolates were initially studied by means of whole-cell protein analysis, they were found to possess similar patterns to two isolates (LMG 12317 T and LMG 13617) originating from canine tonsils. The present polyphasic taxonomic study, i...

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Enterococcus gilvus sp. nov. and Enterococcus pallens sp. nov. Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens

Cited by 71 publications

References 23 publications

Glucose Triggers ATP Secretion from Bacteria in a Growth-Phase-Dependent Manner

Glucose Triggers ATP Secretion from Bacteria in a Growth-Phase-Dependent Manner

Comparative Study Using Type Strains and Clinical and Food Isolates To Examine Hemolytic Activity and Occurrence of the cyl Operon in Enterococci

Enterococcus hermanniensis sp. nov., from modified-atmosphere-packaged broiler meat and canine tonsils

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