<i>Effect of Skin Diving on Lung Volumes</i>

Carey, Charles R.; Schaefer, Karl E.; Alvis, Harry J.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1956.8.5.519

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, it may be speculated that the above normal lung volumes of our subjects could be partly an adaptation to breath-hold diving. In support of this a study of navy diving instructors showed that a period of apnea training increased VC from 5.2 to 5.6 l (Carey et al 1956). …”

Section: Determinants Of Breaking Pointmentioning

confidence: 68%

Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and P ET O2 and P ET CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers

et al. 2006

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Breath-hold divers train and compete in maximal apnea performance. Glossopharyngeal inhalation (GI) is commonly used to increase lung volume above vital capacity (VC) prior to apnea. We investigated the hypothesis that this practice would increase apnea performance and relaxed airway pressure. Seven well-trained breath-hold divers performed maximal bouts of apnea at three different lung volumes (85% VC, VC and VC + GI) both at rest (dry static apnea) and during underwater swimming (dynamic apnea). Heart rate, apnea time and end tidal PCO(2) and PO(2) (P (ET) CO(2) and P (ET) O(2)) were recorded. In addition, relaxed airway pressure was measured after GI. Maximal GI increased lung volume by 1.59+/-0.57 l above VC and increased relaxed airway pressure to from 3.5+/-0.5 to 8.7+/-1.7 kPa. Dry static apnea time was higher at VC + GI (346+/-46 s) than at VC (309+/-38 s, P<0.05) and 85% VC (297+/-48 s, P<0.01). Likewise, dynamic apnea time was higher at VC + GI (97+/-27 s) than at VC (78+/-14 s, P<0.05) and 85% VC (71+/-17 s, P<0.05). P (ET) O(2) values reached 3.5+/-0.6 kPa at the end of dry static apnea bouts and this was not different from dynamic apnea when taking hydrostatic pressure at swimming depth into account (3.7+/-0.6 kPa, P=0.48). In conclusion, GI increases lung volume, relaxed airway pressure and apnea performance in well-trained breath-hold divers.

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Section: Determinants Of Breaking Pointmentioning

confidence: 68%

Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and P ET O2 and P ET CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers

et al. 2006

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“…Nevertheless they must retain an exceptional degree of muscular control over their breathing and use their respiratory muscles much more than most people. A relevant study is that on diving tank instructors reported by Carey et al (1956) who showed that men who worked regularly underwater developed large vital capacities, and that this volume increased at the end of a period of underwater work. Vital capacities larger than predicted have also been found in competitive oarsmen, track athletes, and cyclists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics and ventilatory function of 404 commercial divers working in the North Sea.

Crosbie¹,

Clarke²,

Cox³

et al. 1977

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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The physical characteristics and simple lung ventilatory indices (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC) of 404 commercial divers employed by companies operating in the North Sea were analysed. These findings were correlated with the diving experience and maximum operating depth of each diver. All the divers were men of average height 176-9 cm, and weight 77-1 kg which is greater than average for active Western males, but only 6 % were more than 120 % of their predicted weight. The average duration of commercial diving was 7-1 years, 11 0% of divers having less than one year's experience. Sixty-seven per cent had worked at a maximum depth of 200 ft (61 m) and only 6% had worked deeper than 500 ft (153 m). The mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 120-4 % of the predicted value which indicated that they could voluntarily move large amounts of gas in and out of their lungs. This was greatest in the divers who went deepest. The mean forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) was 1170% of the predicted value showing that expiratory airflow capacity was also increased, but to a lesser extent than the FVC. The mean FEVJ/FVC ratio was normal but in 16 % of the divers it was less than 75 % which might indicate early expiratory airflow obstruction. This finding was related to age, and not to undersea environmental factors. These results show that commercial divers form an experienced, physically fit group of men who have large lung capacities advantageous to their occupation. Moving gas of increased density in and out of their lungs may well have hypertrophied the muscles of respiration.The urgent need to develop the oil resources under the North Sea has produced considerable demand for commercial divers. A recent report by the Scottish Council of the British Medical Association (1975) has drawn attention to the lack of accessible information on the physical characteristics and pulmonary function of these men. The report also confirms the dangerous nature of the work where the fatality rate is approximately 100 per 1000 employed each year, a level 33 times that of coalmining.Diving regulations require that commercial divers be medically examined within 12 months before diving and annually thereafter or after an illness lasting more than seven consecutive days. Restric-

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“…81 Training is also responsible for some changes in respiratory mechanics likely to improve diving performance, such as a greater VC and the ability to generate a higher inspiratory pressure in the diving women of Korea and Japan compared with nondiving controls 82,83 as well as a larger VC and a smaller RV in U.S. Navy divers resulting from training. 84 Besides strengthening of the respiratory muscles in divers, these changes may be due to increased compliance of the respiratory system in Japanese Ama, 85 which would provide a larger pulmonary gas store (prolonging breath holding) and a higher TLC/RV ratio (allowing deeper dives before chest squeeze ensues). Finally, a higher CO 2 storage capacity has been described in three highly trained breath-hold divers compared with untrained controls: It took longer for the divers to reach their breaking-point PaCO 2 , with twice the amount of CO 2 stored in the tissues of the divers compared than in controls.…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Diving Response And The Human Ability mentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath-Hold Diving

Ferrigno¹

1997

Bove and Davis' Diving Medicine

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Effect of Skin Diving on Lung Volumes

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and P ET O2 and P ET CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers

Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and P ET O2 and P ET CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers

Physical characteristics and ventilatory function of 404 commercial divers working in the North Sea.

Breath-Hold Diving

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