((E)-N-(4-(((2-Amino-5-phenylpyridin-3-yl)imino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide) Ameliorated Aβ_1–42-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in SD Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Abstract

Our study investigated the protective effects of ((E)-N-(4-(((2-amino-5-phenylpyridin-3-yl)imino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide) 9b, a novel glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, on the learning and memory function of rats with amyloid-β 1−42 (Aβ 1−42 )-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) and explored the possible mechanisms. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control, Aβ, donepezil, and low-dose and highdose 9b groups. The rats in the Aβ, donepezil, and two 9b intervention groups received a single microinjection of 10 μg of Aβ 1−42 into the hippocampus followed by intragastric administration of 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), 12 (mg/kg)/d donepezil hydrochloride and 6 or 18 (mg/kg)/d compound 9b for 28 days, while the rats in the control group were treated with the vehicles. Learning and memory impairment were attenuated, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in the brain tissue were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the concentrations of Aβ 1−42 , phospho-tau (p-tau), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain tissue were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the compound 9b group compared to the Aβ group. In addition, compound 9b regulated the imbalance in the concentrations of neurotransmitters and alleviated severe damage and apoptosis in the brains of the rats exposed to Aβ 1−42 . The novel GSK-3β inhibitor 9b could improve learning and memory dysfunction caused by Aβ 1−42 through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects.

Sulbactam protects neurons against double neurotoxicity of amyloid beta and glutamate load by upregulating glial glutamate transporter 1

“…These changes suggested the involvement of apoptosis under the double effect of Abeta and glutamate load. Parallel results also demonstrated that Abeta 1–42 [ 36 – 38 ] and glutamate [ 38 – 42 ] induced apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5H cells and primary cultured neurons, which manifested as increased BAX/BCL2 ratio and expression of CCP3. Together, these findings showed that neuronal apoptosis and necrosis were involved in the process under the double effects of Abeta and glutamate load.…”

Sulbactam protects neurons against double neurotoxicity of amyloid beta and glutamate load by upregulating glial glutamate transporter 1

“…These changes suggested the involvement of apoptosis under the double effect of Abeta and glutamate load. Parallel results also demonstrated that Abeta1-42 [35][36][37] and glutamate [37][38][39][40][41] induced apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5H cells and primary cultured neurons, which manifested as increased BAX/BCL2 ratio and expression of cleaved caspase 3. Together, these ndings suggested the involvement of neuronal necrosis and apoptosis under the double effects of Abeta and glutamate load.…”