I-E and Orientations toward the Vietnam War

Granberg, Donald; May, William

doi:10.1080/00224545.1972.9922559

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“…Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. (Rosenbaum & Rosenbaum, 1973); associations with personality traits, such as hostility (Teevan & Stamps, 1973), stubbornness and a need for order (Farber, 1955); and locus of control (Granberg & May, 1972). In the present research I had two goals: (a) to devise a measure of attitudes toward war that would be more adequate than those used in earlier research and (b) to explore current personality correlates of attitudes toward war to determine whether associations identified in the I970s pertaining to the Vietnam War still hold true.…”

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confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Student Attitudes toward War

Lester

1994

The Journal of Social Psychology

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confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Student Attitudes toward War

Lester

1994

The Journal of Social Psychology

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“…It is therefore reasonable to believe that authoritarianism is going to be related to how an individual perceives, feels, and acts about a war situation. Granberg and May (1972) illustrated this in their study of students' attitudes towards the Vietnam War. They found that authoritarianism was negatively correlated with protest activity (Granberg & May, 1972), meaning that students with high authoritarianism scores tended not to engage in protest behavior against the war.…”

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“…Granberg and May (1972) illustrated this in their study of students' attitudes towards the Vietnam War. They found that authoritarianism was negatively correlated with protest activity (Granberg & May, 1972), meaning that students with high authoritarianism scores tended not to engage in protest behavior against the war. Again, authoritarianism has been linked to support for military action.…”

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The Relationship Between Personality Traits and Students' Perceptions of War Imagery

Guidry¹,

Hammer²

2008

PsiChiJournal

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I n its entire history, the human race has dealt with war and its after effects; the ever-present threat or fear of war has hung over our history, the twentieth-century perhaps more so than other eras, like a shadow (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2004). Media coverage of war has become more and more graphic as time has progressed; whereas photographs from the Second World War remained sequestered for years afterwards, photographs and video feed from the Vietnam conflict arrived in the U.S. with a 24-hour delay (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2004). The Gulf War of the early 90s was televised almost simultaneously, with the more recent conflict in Iraq being aired in a similar fashion. The coverage of combat situations is perhaps even harder to avoid now that there are more 24-hour news networks all airing footage simultaneously in addition to the presence of the internet and its varied news outlets. As the technology of war has advanced, so has the technology to observe war. With these advancements in mind, it becomes important to understand how people will react to this barrage of imagery; the caveat here being that psychological research on war, and its effects, only seems to occur during and in years following the actual armed conflicts. In the years following World War II the focus of psychological research centered on the effects of war on soldiers (e.g., Ferguson, 1942; Stagner & Osgood, 1946; and Buss & Durkee, 1957). Perhaps due to the conflicting national opinions of the conflict, the Vietnam War brought an increased interest in research on attitudes and perception of civilians (e.g.

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“…Social psychologists studied the predictors of attitudes towards war. The following variables were found to foster a positive attitude towards war: (a) sociodemographic variables: to be a man (Covell, 1996;Lester, 1994;Nincic & Nincic, 2002;Rosenbaum & Rosenbaum, 1973) and an African-American (Nincic & Nincic, 2002); (b) psychological variables: authoritarianism (Izzett, 1971), and an internal locus of control (Granberg & May, 1972); (c) political variables: to be a right-winger (Greene, Tighe, Conti, & Saxe, 1991); and (d) values: to be a person characterized by the willingness to use force or punishment, or to threaten the use thereof, as a means of resolving conflicts (Eckhardt & Alcock, 1970).Moreover, empirical data show that, in the absence of direct experience with war, the attitudes of the general population tend to be shaped by the media (Furnham, 1985;Gallatin, 1980). Systematic exposure to TV transmissions expressing a viewpoint in favour of war improves the attitude displayed by the audience to war (Hakvoort & Oppenheimer, 1993).…”

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“…However, such models haven't been used to predict social participation against war. Thus, the most relevant study on the topic is Granberg and May's (1972), showing that positive attitudes towards war, a low level of education, authoritarianism and being religious negatively influenced the number of demonstrations against the war in Vietnam people participated in. However, the study in question is more than 30 years old, and it was performed on a small, undergraduate sample.…”

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‘Not in my name’? The Italians and the war in Iraq

Roccato

Fedi

2007

Community & Applied Soc Psy

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We performed a secondary analysis of data collected on a representative sample of Italians to study the attitudes and behaviours developed by the Italians with regard to war in general and the war in Iraq particularly. Moreover, we built a model predicting the probability of participating in pro-peace demonstrations. The Italians seem polarized in their attitudes towards war and skeptical concerning the reasons for the attack on Iraq. Our models explained the probability of publicly showing one's opposition to the war in Iraq in terms of beliefs towards war in general, of attitude towards this conflict particularly, of frequency of newspaper-reading and of values, showing that the sociodemographic and psychological variables played a significantly less relevant role. opinion can be a major actor in influencing the results of a war (McAlister, 2000). Favourable public opinion may inspire the political institutions to make considerable investments in the war in question, or may promote a social climate of support for, or, at least, acceptance of, the conflict. This is a rather relevant point, given that wars can be harmful to public health, not only directly, in the countries where the conflict takes place, but also indirectly, in all of the countries involved, as they lead to the investment of public resources in construction of weapons for defense, retaliation and coercion (Zwi & Ugalde, 1991). Social psychologists studied the predictors of attitudes towards war. The following variables were found to foster a positive attitude towards war: (a) sociodemographic variables: to be a man (Covell, 1996;Lester, 1994;Nincic & Nincic, 2002;Rosenbaum & Rosenbaum, 1973) and an African-American (Nincic & Nincic, 2002); (b) psychological variables: authoritarianism (Izzett, 1971), and an internal locus of control (Granberg & May, 1972); (c) political variables: to be a right-winger (Greene, Tighe, Conti, & Saxe, 1991); and (d) values: to be a person characterized by the willingness to use force or punishment, or to threaten the use thereof, as a means of resolving conflicts (Eckhardt & Alcock, 1970).Moreover, empirical data show that, in the absence of direct experience with war, the attitudes of the general population tend to be shaped by the media (Furnham, 1985;Gallatin, 1980). Systematic exposure to TV transmissions expressing a viewpoint in favour of war improves the attitude displayed by the audience to war (Hakvoort & Oppenheimer, 1993).At present there are a number of approaches studying the social psychology of protest, most of them underlining the importance of perceived efficacy. According to Kelly and Kelly (1994) and Klandermans (1997;Simon & Klandermans, 2001), protest action is based on perceived injustice, group identification and a politicized collective identity; according to van Zomeren, Spears, Fischer, & Leach (2004), the most important predictor of participating in social protest is anger. However, such models haven't been used to predict social participation against war. Thus, the most relevant ...

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I-E and Orientations toward the Vietnam War

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Factors Affecting Student Attitudes toward War

Factors Affecting Student Attitudes toward War

The Relationship Between Personality Traits and Students' Perceptions of War Imagery

‘Not in my name’? The Italians and the war in Iraq

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