<i>Drosophila</i> Embryonic CNS Development: Neurogenesis, Gliogenesis, Cell Fate, and Differentiation

Crews, Stephen T.

doi:10.1534/genetics.119.300974

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 273 publications

(348 reference statements)

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“…The remaining Notch activated cells in the equivalence groups become fusion competent myoblasts (FCMs). This process is reminiscent and coincides temporally with the specification of neural lineages from the neurectoderm [ 69 , 70 ], which occurs during embryonic stages 8–11, while muscle cell identity specification occurs during stages 9–11.…”

Section: Muscle Diversification—on the Road To Muscle Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila

Poovathumkadavil

Jagla

2020

Cells

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In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the larval somatic muscles or the adult thoracic flight and leg muscles are the major voluntary locomotory organs. They share several developmental and structural similarities with vertebrate skeletal muscles. To ensure appropriate activity levels for their functions such as hatching in the embryo, crawling in the larva, and jumping and flying in adult flies all muscle components need to be maintained in a functionally stable or homeostatic state despite constant strain. This requires that the muscles develop in a coordinated manner with appropriate connections to other cell types they communicate with. Various signaling pathways as well as extrinsic and intrinsic factors are known to play a role during Drosophila muscle development, diversification, and homeostasis. In this review, we discuss genetic control mechanisms of muscle contraction, development, and homeostasis with particular emphasis on the contractile unit of the muscle, the sarcomere.

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Section: Muscle Diversification—on the Road To Muscle Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila

Poovathumkadavil

Jagla

2020

Cells

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“…Neural stem cells (NSCs) are cells in the nervous system which can self-renew and differentiate into a variety of specific nerve cell types. Usually, NSCs divide in two ways: symmetrical cell division and asymmetric cell division [1,2]. Symmetrical cell division refers to the division of a NSCs into two daughter cells identical to a metrocyte, while asymmetric cell division is a common form of NSCs division after brain tissue is stimulated by external factors such as injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallic Acid, a Methyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate Derivative, Induces Neural Stem Cells to Differentiate and Proliferate

Jiang

Hai

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) are both important biological processes in cerebral neural network. However, these two capacities of NSCs are limited. Thus, the induction of differentiation and/or proliferation via administration of small molecules derived from natural plants can be considered as a potential approach to repair damaged neural networks. This paper reports that gallic acid, a catechol compound selected from derivatives of methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB), selectively induces NSCs to differentiate into immature neurons and promotes proliferation by activating phosphorylation of key proteins in the MAPK-ERK pathway. In addition, we found that 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was the main active structure which could show neurotrophic activity. The substitution of carboxyl group on the benzene ring into ester group may promote differentiation on the basis of the structure of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Meanwhile, the introduction of 5-hydroxyl group may promote proliferation. Generally, this study identified a natural catechol compound that promotes differentiation and proliferation of NSCs in vitro.

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“…Drosophila embryonic macrophages interact with the developing ventral nerve cord (VNC) and the glial cells that encase it, as they disperse along the ventral side of the embryo 19 . The VNC contains two populations of glia—the Sim-positive midline glia that help establish the ladder-like structure of neurons early in development and Repo-positive lateral glia 20 . Repo is a homeodomain transcription factor that specifies glial fate, though defects in repo mutants are not obvious until late in embryonic development, when a decrease in the numbers of glial cells becomes apparent 21 – 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexposure to apoptosis via disrupted glial specification perturbs Drosophila macrophage function and reveals roles of the CNS during injury

2020

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Apoptotic cell clearance by phagocytes is a fundamental process during development, homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. However, the demands placed on phagocytic cells such as macrophages by this process, and the limitations these interactions impose on subsequent cellular behaviours are not yet clear. Here, we seek to understand how apoptotic cells affect macrophage function in the context of a genetically tractable Drosophila model in which macrophages encounter excessive amounts of apoptotic cells. Loss of the glial-specific transcription factor Repo prevents glia from contributing to apoptotic cell clearance in the developing embryo. We show that this leads to the challenge of macrophages with large numbers of apoptotic cells in vivo. As a consequence, macrophages become highly vacuolated with cleared apoptotic cells, and their developmental dispersal and migration is perturbed. We also show that the requirement to deal with excess apoptosis caused by a loss of repo function leads to impaired inflammatory responses to injury. However, in contrast to migratory phenotypes, defects in wound responses cannot be rescued by preventing apoptosis from occurring within a repo mutant background. In investigating the underlying cause of these impaired inflammatory responses, we demonstrate that wound-induced calcium waves propagate into surrounding tissues, including neurons and glia of the ventral nerve cord, which exhibit striking calcium waves on wounding, revealing a previously unanticipated contribution of these cells during responses to injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate important insights into macrophage biology and how repo mutants can be used to study macrophage-apoptotic cell interactions in the fly embryo. Furthermore, this work shows how these multipurpose cells can be 'overtasked' to the detriment of their other functions, alongside providing new insights into which cells govern macrophage responses to injury in vivo.

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Drosophila Embryonic CNS Development: Neurogenesis, Gliogenesis, Cell Fate, and Differentiation

Cited by 41 publications

References 273 publications

Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila

Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila

Gallic Acid, a Methyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate Derivative, Induces Neural Stem Cells to Differentiate and Proliferate

Overexposure to apoptosis via disrupted glial specification perturbs Drosophila macrophage function and reveals roles of the CNS during injury

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