<i>DIVISION OF PSYCHOLOGY</i>: MOTHERS' HEARTBEAT AS AN IMPRINTING STIMULUS*

Salk, Lee

doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1962.tb01441.x

Cited by 111 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The mother's heartbeat is thus interpreted as an imprinting stimulus creating a low-anxiety situation that the mother will tend to repeat when holding her baby. This imprinted response to an innately determined releasing stimulus was, for Salk (1962), also present in the mother who tried to increase awareness of her own heartbeat. A similar explanation was suggested by Weiland (1964), who emphasized the role of the mother's heartbeat in relieving anxiety of both the infant and the adult.…”

Section: Functions Of Left Cradlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salk (1960) proposed that the heartbeat of the mother constituted a comforting stimulus to which the foetus was imprinted. In subsequent studies, Salk (1962Salk ( , 1973 tried to establish whether the observed bias was an instinctive response evolved from a need on the part of the infant to continue to experience the maternal heartbeat rhythm or, alternatively, whether it was based on learning a familiar sensation during intrauterine life. In order to investigate what was the effect of the heartbeat sound on the infant, two groups of infant newborns were formed.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One hypothesis is derived from Salk's (1962; and above) experiments with newborns exposed to a recorded normal adult heartbeat sound. The positive effect of the heartbeat on the decrease of crying and weight gain prompted Salk (1973) to conclude that the sound of the normal adult heartbeat had a soothing effect on the newborn.…”

Section: Functions Of Left Cradlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Posture and laterality in human and non-human primates: Asymmetries in maternal handling and the infant's early motor asymmetries

Damerose

Vauclair

2002

Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization

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This chapter is concerned with the question of the relations and possible influences of environmental factors on the establishment of patterns of manual lateralization in human and non-human primates. More specifically, we are interested in the relation between maternal postures and laterality in nonhuman primates (e.g. bias in cradling behaviour and hand preference of the mother) and the development of patterns of manual preferences in infants. In order to understand fully the many ways in which these variables could interact, we first review the evidence of postural biases in human adults when cradling and carrying their offspring. Next, we examine the divergent hypotheses advanced to explain the observed biases. The same is then done for non-human primates. A second part of our chapter (see Section 9.3) describes the different asymmetric patterns observed during the development of the infant concerning head turning, nipple preference, etc. i n both human and non-human primates.In a third part (see Section 9.4), we describe and compare the methods and definitions used by the different authors in their work. Then, we present the descriptions and definitions of behaviours that we are using in an ongoing study of Olive baboons (Papio anubis).Our main goal is to contribute to understanding the phylogenetic origins of hand laterality in humans by examining some of its possible determinants in non-human primates. Despite numerous efforts to propose models and explanatory schemata of hand laterality in non-human primates (e.g. MacNeilage, Studdert-Kennedy and Lindblom, 1987;Fagot and Vauclair, 1991; Ward and Hopkins, 1993), this question is still largely unresolved. On the other hand, views of determinants of hand laterality in humans still fluctuate between genetically (e.g. Annett, 1985Annett, , 1995 Hopkins and 307

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Section: Functions Of Left Cradlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Functions Of Left Cradlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Posture and laterality in human and non-human primates: Asymmetries in maternal handling and the infant's early motor asymmetries

Damerose

Vauclair

2002

Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization

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“…To the extent that these contrasting results imply restricted fetal plasticity in assimilating exteroceptive stimulation through mere exposure to such stimulation, we are not surprised that recent attempts t o confirm predictions stemming from Salk's (1962) hypothesis that the human fetus inight have become "imprinted" t o the maternal heart beat sound, have also met with failure (Palmquist, 1975;Smith & Steinschneider, 1975). At the very least, the accumulating evidence clearly suggests restraint in offering or accepting other positions (e.g., Moore & Shiek, 1971) based on the presumed malleability of the fetus' exposure learning capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The cardiac self‐stimulation hypothesis and the chick's differential attraction toward intermittent sound

Simner

Kaplan

1977

Developmental Psychobiology

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Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the chick's attraction toward specific rates of intermittent sound stems from long-term prehatch exposure by the chick to its own fetal heart beat. Contrary to prediction, Experiment I showed stronger attraction toward an intermittent square wave white noise signal matched for pulse rate, overall pulse duration, and mean intensity, than the sound of the actual fetal heart beat from which this attraction is said to derive, Experiment II demonstrated that long-term prehatch exposure to an intermittent auditory signal having a normally non-preferred rate will not establish an attraction for that same rate after hatching unless it contains a frequency component having latent appetitive properties. Alternatives to the cardiac self-stimulation hypothesis are discussed and, in the context of related evidence, the fetus' general capacity for exposure learning is reconsidered.

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“…Maschinen lärm) ausgesetzt, um dann nach der Geburt die Reaktion des Kindes auf dasselbe Lautmuster zu prüfen [81,82], Einige Studien befassten sich mit der Reaktion, die der mütterliche Herzschlag in Neugeborenen auslöst. Neuge borene schreien weniger, verlieren weniger Gewicht und sind im allgemeinen ruhiger, wenn ihnen ein Band mit dem mütterlichen Herzschlag (72 bpm) vorgespiclt wird, verglichen mit Kindern, denen dieser Laut nicht angeboten wird [6,83,84], Der mütterliche Herzschlag wirkt im weitesten Sinne beruhigend auf das Kind [85]. In einer japanischen Studie, bei der 5 Tage alten Neugeborenen entweder ein Tonband mit Aufnahmen der mütterlichen Herzaktion oder ein Tonband mit einer in gleicher Fre quenz geschlagenen japanischen Trommel vorgespielt wurde, trat bei den Kindern, die die «authentischen» mütterlichen Geräusche vorgespielt bekommen hatten, eine raschere Beruhigung ein als bei jenen Kindern, die die Trommelgeräusche gehört hatten [84] Bei zahlreichen Vögeln konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass das Küken bereits im Ei hören kann [92], Da der Mensch zu den Tieren gehört, die schon vor der Geburt hören können, ist anzunehmen, dass erste Grundlagen Für das spätere Sprachlerncn -Intonation, Phonation, Sprachmelodie -bereits intrauterin gelegt werden [8].…”

Section: Gehörschäden Durch Vibroakustische Stim Ulation?unclassified

Der Fetus und der Lärm

Brezinka

Lechner²,

Stephan³

1997

Gynäkol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch

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Ab der 23. SSW können einzelne, ab der 28. SSW alle gesunden Feten Geräusche wahrnehmen und auf sie reagieren. Die akustische Umgebung des ungeborenen Kindes ist geprägt durch mütterliche Geräusche: den mütterlichen Herzschlag, die Stimme der Mutter, Atem-und Darmgeräusche. Die maternale Geräuschkulisse sinkt nie unter 28 dB, sie kann bis 84 dB steigen. Geräusche, die den Feten erreichen sollen, müssen lauter sein als jene, die er ständig hört. Niederfrequente Geräusche werden durch miitterliches Gewebe weniger gedänipft als hochfrequente und dringen leichter zum Feten durch als hochfrequente. In der Schwangerenüberwachung hat sich vielerorts der vibroakustische Stimulationstest mit dem Larynxstimulator eingebürgert. Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen fetalen Weckreize werden an Hand von Tierversuchen und klinischen Studien diskutiert. Die Mutterschutzbestimmungen der meisten Lander verbieten «Lärmarbeitsplätze» für schwangere Frauen, sie dürfen nicht an Arbeitsplätzen mit Dauerlärm von 80 dB bzw. mit impulsartigen Lärmschwankungen von 40 dB arbeiten. Während an industriellen Arbeitsplätzen solche Bestimmungen leicht durchsetzbar und überwachbar sind, sind schwangere Frauen im Gastgewerbe und in der Unterhaltungsmusik oft massiver Beschallung ausgesetzt.

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DIVISION OF PSYCHOLOGY: MOTHERS' HEARTBEAT AS AN IMPRINTING STIMULUS*

Cited by 111 publications

References 10 publications

Posture and laterality in human and non-human primates: Asymmetries in maternal handling and the infant's early motor asymmetries

Posture and laterality in human and non-human primates: Asymmetries in maternal handling and the infant's early motor asymmetries

The cardiac self‐stimulation hypothesis and the chick's differential attraction toward intermittent sound

Der Fetus und der Lärm

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