<i>Deformation, Strain, and Flow</i>

Reiner, Markus; Leaderman, Herbert

doi:10.1063/1.3057119

Cited by 168 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…There is no single rheological model (Reiner 1969) that wholly satisfactorily describes the behaviour of unconsolidated sediments, which achieve such variety in terms of mineralogy, grain size and moisture content. The elastic-plastic model, however, is helpful under an especially wide variety of circumstances (Johnson 1970), and other models, including the Newtonian one, can also under appropriate circumstances be usefully applied to sediments and rocks (Johnson 1977 ;Ramberg 1981 ;Johnson & Fletcher 1994).…”

Section: (B) Sediments As Elastic-plastic Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subfossil mammalian tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, S. W. Britain: mechanics of formation, preservation and distribution

Allen

1997

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

153

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Mammalian tracks and trackways are widely preserved at all stratigraphical levels in the Flandrian sediments of tidal mudflat and marsh origins which formed over the last 8000–9000 years on the marginal wetlands of the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. The fauna recorded in this way, however, is less diverse than that known from the few, small assemblages of skeletal remains, including some from archaeological sites, so far assessed. Missing or rarely represented in terms of tracks are the smaller of the large mammals. Humans are represented by tracks throughout the Flandrian deposits. In the earlier Flandrian, they were accompanied by deer and aurochs which gave way, in the later Flandrian, to domesticated cattle and sheep/goat; there are sporadic indications of the presence of horse. Wolf/dog, represented by just two records, is the only smaller large mammal so far recorded as a track. The tracks were made, modified, and eventually preserved under a wide variety of sedimentological conditions on the margins of the estuary. Those environmental conditions constrained the quality of the anatomical evidence preserved in the tracks but can be inferred from the character of the tracks. Field experiments suggest that the moisture content of the sediment at the time was crucial to the general nature of the tracks. The mudflat–marsh silts which received the tracks varied from semi–liquid to firm, depending on tidal and seasonal factors and on the elevation of the sedimentary surface relative to the tidal frame. Some tracks were made in marsh peats which offered little resistance. Deep tracks preserving little detail were produced in weak sediments of high moisture content; tracks formed in strong, firm muds retained full anatomical detail. Referring to mechanical theory, and to a series of laboratory experiments using plasticine, the act of making a track is shown to be similar in character and effect to the indentation of an ideal elastic–plastic material by a punch. The punch represents the descending limb of the animal, the face of the punch the sole of the animal's foot, and the elastic–plastic material the sediment which is pierced and deformed by the downward action of the limb. The character of the experimental tracks, and the range and relative size of the deformation structures they include, is qualitatively similar to what is recorded from the field. Many of the tracks recorded from the field were variously modified in a changeable and dynamic environment before final burial and preservation.

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Section: (B) Sediments As Elastic-plastic Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subfossil mammalian tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, S. W. Britain: mechanics of formation, preservation and distribution

Allen

1997

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

153

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“…Tyree and Zimmermann (2002) suggested that water flow through plant vessels could be compared with the flow through smooth-walled capillaries of circular crosssection. Under this assumption, the Hagen-Poiseuille law, which is often used in fluid dynamics, can be applied to plant vessels, showing that, under laminar flow, the flow rate is proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius (Reiner, 1998). Thus, hydraulic conductance is influenced by the diameter and number of vessels in the xylem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Conductance and Xylem Anatomy in Fruit Tree Shoots

Muramatsu

Hiraoka

2008

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Hydraulic conductance is an important index of water flow in plants. We constructed a simple device for measuring the relative hydraulic conductance of fruit tree shoots. The values of vines (kiwifruit and grape) were the highest among 17 species of major temperate fruit trees, followed by deciduous trees (e.g. chestnut, Japanese pear, and peach), evergreen citrus trees (e.g. Kawanonatsudaidai and Satsuma mandarin), and loquat. The diameter and number of vessels and total vessel area in shoots were calculated with image analysis software from photomicrographs of 13 of the species. The diameter of the vessels was largest in vines (kiwifruit and grape), followed by persimmon and chestnut, and smallest in deciduous trees (e.g. apple and Japanese apricot), citrus, and loquat. Relative hydraulic conductance had a higher correlation with the water flow index (Σr 4 /S × (xylem ratio)), calculated from the diameter and number of vessels in the xylem according to the Hagen-Poiseuille law, and than with total vessel area per unit of shoot cross-sectional area.

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“…Beyond practical aspects, the flow in figure 1 is a fluid mechanical curiosity. It exhibits a peculiar set of phenomena that are all too familiar from everyday occurrence, and have evoked numerous scientific explanations (Reiner 1956(Reiner , 1969Keller 1957;Harlow & Amsden 1971;Lin & Krishna 1978;Walker 1984;Vanden-Broeck & Keller 1986. Figure 2 illustrates these phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The teapot effect: sheet-forming flows with deflection, wetting and hysteresis

Kistler

Scriven

1994

J. Fluid Mech.

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The flow of a two-dimensional viscous film falling from the edge of an inclined plane exhibits a distinctive set of phenomena which, in various combinations, have been referred to as the teapot effect. This paper makes plain that three basic mechanisms are at the root of these phenomena: deflection of the liquid sheet by hydrodynamic forces, contact-angle hysteresis, and multiple steady states that give rise to a purely hydrodynamic hysteresis. The evidence is drawn from Galerkin/finite-element analysis of the Navier-Stokes system, matched to a one-dimensional asymptotic approximation of the sheet flow downstream, and is corroborated experimentally by flow visualization and measurements of free-surface profiles and contact line position. The results indicate that the Gibbs inequality condition quantifies the inhibiting effect of sharp edges on spreading of static contact lines, even in the presence of flow nearby. The branchings, turning points, and isolas of families of solutions in parameter space explain abrupt flow transitions observed experimentally, and illuminate the stability of predicted flow states.

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Deformation, Strain, and Flow

Cited by 168 publications

References 0 publications

Subfossil mammalian tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, S. W. Britain: mechanics of formation, preservation and distribution

Subfossil mammalian tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, S. W. Britain: mechanics of formation, preservation and distribution

Hydraulic Conductance and Xylem Anatomy in Fruit Tree Shoots

The teapot effect: sheet-forming flows with deflection, wetting and hysteresis

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