DAY NEUTRAL FLOWERING Represses CONSTANS to Prevent Arabidopsis Flowering Early in Short Days

Morris, Karl; Thornber, Sarah Elizabeth; Codrai, Lesley; Richardson, Charlotte; Craig, A.; Sadanandom, Ari; Thomas, Brian; Jackson, Stephen D.

doi:10.1105/tpc.109.066605

Cited by 45 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Previously, flowering-time mutants that are affected only under SD conditions have been reported. For example, phyB, dnf, spa1 and cop1 flower early, whereas vil1, vil2 and a gain-of-function mutation in IAA7/AXR2 (axr2-1) flower late specifically under SD conditions (Ishikawa et al, 2006;Kim and Sung, 2010;Laubinger et al, 2006;Mai et al, 2011;McNellis et al, 1994;Morris et al, 2010;Reed et al, 1993;Sung et al, 2006). However, vil1, vil2 and axr2-1 mutants display quantitative differences in flowering time compared with the wt and still flower under SD conditions (Kim and Sung, 2010;Mai et al, 2011;Sung et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NO FLOWERING IN SHORT DAY (NFL) is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes flowering specifically under short-day in Arabidopsis

et al. 2016

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Flowering in plants is a dynamic and synchronized process where various cues including age, day length, temperature and endogenous hormones fine-tune the timing of flowering for reproductive success. Arabidopsis thaliana is a facultative long day (LD) plant where LD photoperiod promotes flowering. Arabidopsis still flowers under shortday (SD) conditions, albeit much later than in LD conditions. Although factors regulating the inductive LD pathway have been extensively investigated, the non-inductive SD pathway is much less understood. Here, we identified a key basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor called NFL (NO FLOWERING IN SHORT DAY) that is essential to induce flowering specifically under SD conditions in Arabidopsis. nfl mutants do not flower under SD conditions, but flower similar to the wild type under LD conditions. The no-flowering phenotype in SD is rescued either by exogenous application of gibberellin (GA) or by introducing della quadruple mutants in the nfl background, suggesting that NFL acts upstream of GA to promote flowering. NFL is expressed at the meristematic regions and NFL is localized to the nucleus. Quantitative RT-PCR assays using apical tissues showed that GA biosynthetic genes are downregulated and the GA catabolic and receptor genes are upregulated in the nfl mutant compared with the wild type, consistent with the perturbation of the endogenous GA biosynthetic and catabolic intermediates in the mutant. Taken together, these data suggest that NFL is a key transcription factor necessary for promotion of flowering under non-inductive SD conditions through the GA signaling pathway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NO FLOWERING IN SHORT DAY (NFL) is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes flowering specifically under short-day in Arabidopsis

et al. 2016

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“…However, there are additional variations, including those with no ml histidines at all (RING-C2), proteins with Asp instead of Cys/ His at ml5 (RING-D), a few with ml residues replaced with Ser (RING-S/T such as found in DNF, DAY NEUTRAL FLOWERING, At3g19140) and others with a C4HC3 configuration combined with additional amino acids between ml4 and 5 (RINGv type). At least one member from each of these types was shown to be active as an E3 in vitro (Stone et al, 2005;Morris et al, 2010).…”

Section: The Ring Type E3s-general Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ubiquitination Machinery of the Ubiquitin System

Callis

2014

The Arabidopsis Book

283

269

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The protein ubiquitin is a covalent modifier of proteins, including itself. The ubiquitin system encompasses the enzymes required for catalysing attachment of ubiquitin to substrates as well as proteins that bind to ubiquitinated proteins leading them to their final fate. Also included are activities that remove ubiquitin independent of, or in concert with, proteolysis of the substrate, either by the proteasome or proteases in the vacuole. In addition to ubiquitin encoded by a family of fusion proteins, there are proteins with ubiquitin-like domains, likely forming ubiquitin's β-grasp fold, but incapable of covalent modification. However, they serve as protein-protein interaction platforms within the ubiquitin system. Multi-gene families encode all of these types of activities. Within the ubiquitination machinery "half" of the ubiquitin system are redundant, partially redundant, and unique components affecting diverse developmental and environmental responses in plants. Notably, multiple aspects of biotic and abiotic stress responses require, or are modulated by, ubiquitination. Finally, aspects of the ubiquitin system have broad utility: as components to enhance gene expression or to regulate protein abundance. This review focuses on the ubiquitination machinery: ubiquitin, unique aspects about the synthesis of ubiquitin and organization of its gene family, ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases, or E3s. Given the large number of E3s in Arabidopsis this review covers the U box, HECT and RING type E3s, with the exception of the cullin-based E3s.

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“…Therefore, AthATL62/DFN may inhibit CO expression during SD, thereby preventing flowering. 43 GIGANTEA, FKF1 and CYCLING DOF FACTORS are factors that repress CO expression. It has been shown that AthATL62/DFN also functions in another regulatory pathway that activates CO. 20 …”

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confidence: 99%

The prolific ATL family of RING-H2 ubiquitin ligases

Guzmán

2012

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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DAY NEUTRAL FLOWERING Represses CONSTANS to Prevent Arabidopsis Flowering Early in Short Days

Cited by 45 publications

References 40 publications

NO FLOWERING IN SHORT DAY (NFL) is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes flowering specifically under short-day in Arabidopsis

NO FLOWERING IN SHORT DAY (NFL) is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes flowering specifically under short-day in Arabidopsis

The Ubiquitination Machinery of the Ubiquitin System

The prolific ATL family of RING-H2 ubiquitin ligases

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