CTrust‐RPL: A control layer‐based trust mechanism for supporting secure routing in routing protocol for low power and lossy networks‐based Internet of Things applications

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) fostered a new epoch of innovation by interconnecting digital devices to make human life more convenient and attractive. These smart objects are largely deployed as low power and lossy networks (LLNs) and use routing protocol for LLNs (RPL) for routing. Unfortunately, it is extremely vulnerable to a large variety of external and internal attacks to cause devastating and calamitous effects. However, this article's scope revolves around internal attacks only, where nodes are already part of a legitimate network. Various trust-based mechanisms have been proposed to secure the RPL protocol from insider attackers. Existing trust mechanisms cause high energy depletion due to complex computation on the node level, which consequently decreases the performance of LLNs. Therefore, this article presents a novel hierarchical trust-based mechanism "CTrust-RPL" by assessing the trust of nodes based on their forwarding behaviors. This study ships complex trust-related computations to the higher layer, known as the controller, to save computational, storage, and energy resources at the node level. We also compare the proposed mechanism with a state-of-the-art technique called Sec-trust. Our mechanism demonstrates superior performance in detecting and isolating blackhole attacks. The results depict that CTrust-RPL detects and isolates 10% more malicious nodes than Sec-trust in the same time-lapse. The average packet loss ratio difference is less for our proposed mechanism, with 35% more energy efficiency. 1 INTRODUCTION Internet of Things (IoT) has become an essential part of our personal lives. It is emerging as an epoch of innovation, where devices belonging to digital and machine ecosystems are interconnected over the Internet to yield efficacy and convenience in academia, industries, and human lives. 1-3 Technologies like 5G and 6G enable the next generation of wireless communication systems in compliance with sophisticated techniques for security. 4,5 They support the huge IoT infrastructures, which can be defined as a link, management, and communication of a large number of smart and sensing things (also known as objects). These things are capable of interacting with each other, especially, for transferring information in a network. 6-8 They are largely deployed as low power and lossy networks (LLN). The LLN is a class of networks where Trans Emerging Tel Tech.

Multi-Mobile Agent Trust Framework for Mitigating Internal Attacks and Augmenting RPL Security

“…The topology finder module finds the topology and nodes of the underlying device layer (Figure 2). It creates destination-oriented directed acyclic graphs (DODAGs) based on an objective function (OF), for instance, delay, energy used, or hop count [34]. Generally, each RPL instance has an optimization goal that depends on the application goal.…”

Clustering Based Optimal Cluster Head Selection Using Bio-Inspired Neural Network in Energy Optimization of 6LowPAN

“…Laplacian matrix L , is diagonalized by the eigenvector matrix 𝒳 = [𝜒 0 , ⋯ , 𝜒 𝑁−1 ]so that ℒ = 𝒳Λ𝒳 𝑇 , where is the diagonal eigenvalue matrix. ℒ = 𝐼 𝑁 − 𝐷 −1/2 𝒻𝐷 −1/2 is a normalised version [1,1]. Instead of complex exponentials, the eigenvectors {𝜒 ℓ } /=0 𝑁−1 of the Laplacian matrix L that meet the orthogonality criterion are employed as decomposition bases for graphstructured data.…”

“…which {𝜃 𝑘 } 𝑘=0 𝐾 is the polynomial order, and Ki is a vector of polynomial coefficients. K is is a normalised version [1,1]. Instead of complex exponentials, the eigenvectors {χ } N−1 /=0 of the Laplacian matrix L that meet the orthogonality criterion are employed as decomposition bases for graphstructured data.…”

“…Wireless sensor networks, particularly LLNs, are essential components of IoT. It has a high impact on usage in everyday life [1]. The usage at home, industry and institutions is growing exponentially every day.…”

Secure IoT Routing: Selective Forwarding Attacks and Trust-based Defenses in RPL Network

“…In [10], the authors propose a lightweight heartbeat protocol, in which the root node detects the malicious node by periodically exchanging an echo signal with all its children nodes. In [29], authors introduce a control layer to achieve the hierarchical trust-based mechanism "CTrust-RPL" to monitor the nodes' behaviors. These centralized detection mechanisms are often energy-efficient since only a limited number of nodes are involved for behavior monitoring.…”