<i>Cryptosporidium</i>Contamination of Surface and Water Supplies in Haiti

Brasseur, Philippe; Agnamey, Patrice; Emmanuel, Évens; Pape, Jean William; Vaillant, Michel; Raccurt, C. P.

doi:10.1080/19338244.2010.506492

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is particularly important for the safety of young children and HIV/AIDS individuals. The results concerning the high level of Cryptosporidium oocyst contamination were not surprising, as previous studies conducted in Port-au-Prince led to similar results [ 4 ]. However, a possible impact of the January 2010 earthquake on these results cannot be excluded, as the study was conducted after the earthquake and the subsequent breakdown in infrastructures damaged a large part of the water reservoirs and water distribution network.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…In Haiti, in the early 2000s, several environmental investigations were conducted in Port-au-Prince and the surrounding region, Les Cayes and Cap Haïtien in order to identify sources of human contamination of cryptosporidiosis. These surveys simply consisted of detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in the environment by screening various types of water (surface water, groundwater, public water supplies) used by the population [ 3 , 4 , 24 ]. The main objective of these preliminary investigations was to evaluate the circulation level of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Haiti environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidiosis in Haiti: surprisingly low level of species diversity revealed by molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumoocysts from surface water and groundwater

Damiani

Balthazard-Accou²,

Clervil³

et al. 2013

Parasite

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The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium sp. has emerged as one of the most important water contaminants, causing waterborne outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. In Haiti, cryptosporidiosis is a frequent cause of diarrhoea in children under the age of five years, HIV-infected individuals, and people living in low socioeconomic conditions, mainly due to the consumption of water or food polluted by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The aim of this study was to detect and identify Cryptosporidium oocysts present in 12 water samples collected in Port-au-Prince and 4 water samples collected in Cap Haïtien. Initial detection consisted of immunomagnetic separation – immunofluorescence assay (IMS-IFA), which was confirmed by nested PCR, targeting the most polymorphic region of the 18S rRNA gene in 15/16 samples. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing. Under our working conditions, neither nested PCR-RFLP nor direct DNA sequencing revealed the expected species diversity, as only Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in the water samples studied. This study highlights the difficulty of detecting mixed populations of Cryptosporidium species in environmental samples.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis in Haiti: surprisingly low level of species diversity revealed by molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumoocysts from surface water and groundwater

Damiani

Balthazard-Accou²,

Clervil³

et al. 2013

Parasite

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“…In addition, we found that children less than five years of age, although less likely to have cholera, were significantly more likely to have diarrhea caused by multiple enteric pathogens. [17][18][19] These results support the necessity to reinforce water and sanitation interventions to decrease waterborne causes of diarrhea in Haiti. As expected, viruses were more frequently detected in children less than five years of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Importance of Cholera and Other Etiologies of Acute Diarrhea in Post-Earthquake Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Charles¹,

Delva²,

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We estimated the proportion of diarrhea attributable to cholera and other pathogens during the rainy and dry seasons in patients seen in two urban health settings: a cholera treatment center (CTC) and oral rehydration points (ORPs). During April 1, 2011-November 30, 2012, stool samples were collected from 1,206 of 10,845 patients who came to the GHESKIO CTC or to the community ORPs with acute diarrhea, cultured for Vibrio cholerae, and tested by multiplex polymerase reaction. Vibrio cholerae was isolated from 409 (41.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.7-44.9%) of the 979 specimens from the CTC and in 45 (19.8%, 95% CI = 14.8-25.6%) of the 227 specimens from the ORPs. Frequencies varied from 21.4% (95% CI = 16.6-26.7%) during the dry season to 46.8% (95% CI = 42.9-50.7%) in the rainy season. Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium were frequent causes of diarrhea in children less than five years of age.

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“…In addition, oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum, a parasitic protozoan responsible for an infection called cryptosporidiosis, have been detected in surface water, in groundwater and in public water fountains [42]. During the cholera epidemic, declared in October 2010, Cryptosporidium oocysts ranging from 6 to 233 per 100 L of water were detected in water supply points in the RMPP [43].…”

Section: Access To Water In the Slums And The Prevalence Of Water-borne Diseases Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan

Jérôme¹,

Alexis²,

Telcy³

et al. 2021

Environmental Health

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Haitian cities are more and more prone to demographic growth, which has a lasting effect on water distribution infrastructures, as well as those that make it possible to clean it up. They are in touch with the growing demand for water, but also with the management methods of this resource. Over the past 25 years, the enlarged agglomeration of Port-au-Prince, the largest agglomeration in the country, has experienced very strong urban expansion with the creation of new precarious spaces. The literature reports that Haiti is now more than 64% urban and 35% of its population lives in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince, in the West Department. Over the past decade, the footprint of the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area has grown by 35%. Recent observations on the formation and development of some slums highlight the country’s vulnerability to land-based hazards, which support this form of urbanization through the emergence of environmental displaced persons. Canaan, a human settlement created following the earthquake of January 12, 2010 by presidential decree, and inhabited by the victims of this event, has a deficit in infrastructure and basic urban services. The results of our previous work on this territory lead to a much more in-depth reflection on the need to develop an index of vulnerability to environmental diseases for the population. In fact, most of the households that live there face very precarious situations. The health conditions associated with this context expose the population to increased risks of disease. The measures taken by families to treat water at home do not seem to limit their vulnerability to environmental diseases (infectious and chronic). Improving living conditions in Canaan with a view to sustainability therefore underlies major challenges. What avenues of intervention should be favored to facilitate a favorable development of the population, while taking into account the strong constraints that weigh on their daily lives? The objective of this study is precisely to analyze the vulnerability of the population to water-borne diseases.

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CryptosporidiumContamination of Surface and Water Supplies in Haiti

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Cryptosporidiosis in Haiti: surprisingly low level of species diversity revealed by molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumoocysts from surface water and groundwater

Cryptosporidiosis in Haiti: surprisingly low level of species diversity revealed by molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumoocysts from surface water and groundwater

Importance of Cholera and Other Etiologies of Acute Diarrhea in Post-Earthquake Port-au-Prince, Haiti

The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan

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