<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>induces antimicrobial responses and behaves as a facultative intracellular pathogen in the non mammalian model<i>Galleria mellonella</i>

Trevijano-Contador, Nuria; Herrero-Fernández, Inés; García-Barbazán, Irene; Scorzoni, Liliana; Rueda, Cristina; Rossi, Suélen Andreia; García-Rodas, Rocío; Zaragoza, Óscar

doi:10.4161/21505594.2014.986412

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In agreement with the in vitro data, AmB-resistant strains also increased the production of melanin by G. mellonella, which is one of the main immune responses of this lepidopteran (32,(71)(72)(73). Cryptococcus neoformans, which does not contain ␤-glucans, does not induce melanization of G. mellonella (72). Globally, our results are in agreement with the fact that ␤-1,3-glucans prime the insect innate immune system (74,75).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…We have used an alternative infection model, the wax moth Galleria mellonella, to confirm our results. In agreement with the in vitro data, AmB-resistant strains also increased the production of melanin by G. mellonella, which is one of the main immune responses of this lepidopteran (32,(71)(72)(73). Cryptococcus neoformans, which does not contain ␤-glucans, does not induce melanization of G. mellonella (72).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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Cell Wall Changes in Amphotericin B-Resistant Strains from Candida tropicalis and Relationship with the Immune Responses Elicited by the Host

Mesa-Arango

Rueda

Román

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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eWe have morphologically characterized Candida tropicalis isolates resistant to amphotericin B (AmB). These isolates present an enlarged cell wall compared to isolates of regular susceptibility. This correlated with higher levels of ␤-1,3-glucan in the cell wall but not with detectable changes in chitin content. In line with this, AmB-resistant strains showed reduced susceptibility to Congo red. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in cell integrity were already activated during regular growth in these strains. Finally, we investigated the response elicited by human blood cells and found that AmB-resistant strains induced a stronger proinflammatory response than susceptible strains. In agreement, AmB-resistant strains also induced stronger melanization of Galleria mellonella larvae, indicating that the effect of alterations of the cell wall on the immune response is conserved in different types of hosts. Our results suggest that resistance to AmB is associated with pleiotropic mechanisms that might have important consequences, not only for the efficacy of the treatment but also for the immune response elicited by the host.A mphotericin B (AmB) is a widely used antifungal drug that presents strong killing activity against fungi after binding to ergosterol. Classically, it has been described that AmB induced cell death by forming pores at the level of the cell membrane (1, 2). However, recent findings suggest that AmB elicits its fungicidal effect through multiple mechanisms. In this sense, AmB induces ergosterol sequestration, which causes alterations in the cell membrane that result in killing of the cells (3, 4). In addition, AmB induces a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been correlated with cell damage, apoptosis induction, and death (5-9).Resistance to AmB is a complex process, and multiple mechanisms have been described to be responsible for it. Lack of ergosterol at the cell membrane has been frequently correlated with reduced susceptibility to AmB (10-14). However, there are also some cases in which resistance to AmB can occur in cells with normal ergosterol content (15, 16). Aspergillus terreus, which is a mold that presents reduced susceptibility to AmB, contains similar ergosterol content to Aspergillus fumigatus, which is fully susceptible to this antifungal. In this case, increase in catalase and reduction of ROS production have been associated with increased resistance to AmB (17). Moreover, mechanisms that protect against the production of ROS also confer reduced susceptibility to AmB (6, 9). These results indicate that AmB exerts multiple responses in the cells and that resistance to this antifungal can be acquired by different mechanisms.The correlation between the cell wall and resistance to AmB has been poorly described. A relationship between resistance to AmB and changes in the cell wall has been observed in different fungi (18)(19)(20), although it is not known to what extent changes in the cell wall contribute to amphotericin B res...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Cell Wall Changes in Amphotericin B-Resistant Strains from Candida tropicalis and Relationship with the Immune Responses Elicited by the Host

Mesa-Arango

Rueda

Román

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Furthermore, they observe that the antigenic properties of the capsule change upon infection. 7 Together, these findings suggest that capsule dynamics are important in the pathogenesis of C. neoformans in G. mellonella, just as they are in mammalian hosts.…”

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confidence: 90%

Metamorphosis of Galleria mellonella research

Eisenman

2015

Virulence

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“…Mammals are homeothermic animals, however, and cannot be used to evaluate fungal virulence at low temperatures. Many nonmammalian animals have been used as animal models of fungal infection to overcome the ethical and costrelated issues associated with mammalian model animals (14,15); a vertebrate model such as zebra fish (16), and invertebrate models such as nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) (17), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) (18), silkworm (Bombyx mori) (19,20), and the greater wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella) (21,22). The heterothermic characteristics of zebra fish were used to evaluate fungal virulence at a high temperature of 33°C (23,24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-spotted cricket as an animal infection model of human pathogenic fungi

Kochi

Matsumoto

Sekimizu

et al. 2017

DD&T

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Cryptococcus neoformansinduces antimicrobial responses and behaves as a facultative intracellular pathogen in the non mammalian modelGalleria mellonella

Abstract: (2015) Cryptococcusneoformans induces antimicrobial responses and behaves as a facultative intracellular pathogen in the non mammalian model Galleriamellonella, Virulence, 6:1,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]

Cited by 49 publications

References 78 publications

Cell Wall Changes in Amphotericin B-Resistant Strains from Candida tropicalis and Relationship with the Immune Responses Elicited by the Host

Cell Wall Changes in Amphotericin B-Resistant Strains from Candida tropicalis and Relationship with the Immune Responses Elicited by the Host

Metamorphosis of Galleria mellonella research

Two-spotted cricket as an animal infection model of human pathogenic fungi

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