<i>Cryptococcus neoformans CAP59</i>
            (or Cap59p) Is Involved in the Extracellular Trafficking of Capsular Glucuronoxylomannan

Garcia-Rivera, Javier; Chang, Yun C.; Kwon‐Chung, Kyung J.; Casadevall, Arturo

doi:10.1128/ec.3.2.385-392.2004

Cited by 104 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Qualitatively, these fibers appear to dominate the capsule and the GXM exopolysaccharide. Monoclonal antibodies to GXM that recognize the capsule and the exopolysaccharide also bind an antigen in intracellular vesicles within the yeast (31,(62)(63)(64)(65)(66). This antigen is presumably GXM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For specific antibody binding to occur, the synthesis of intracellular GXM likely results in the formation of some of the same structures as exist in extracellular GXM. Assuming that capsular material is delivered to the capsule in vesicles (62,66), changes in the capsule can occur by newly synthesized GXM fibers being released and incorporated throughout the capsule by becoming entangled in existing capsular material. The density gradient of capsular material provides for more points of contact at the inner layer than at the outer layer with other existing GXM fibers (57).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Physical Properties of the Capsular Polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans Suggest Features for Capsule Construction

McFadden¹,

Jesus

Casadevall

2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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124

161

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The most distinctive feature of the human pathogenic fungus is a polysaccharide capsule that is essential for virulence and is composed primarily of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan (GalXM). GXM mediates multiple deleterious effects on host immune function, yet relatively little is known about its physical properties. The average mass of Cryptococcus neoformans GXM from four antigenically different strains ranged from 1.7 to 7 ؋ 10 6 daltons as calculated from Zimm plots of light-scattering data. GalXM was significantly smaller than GXM, with an average mass of 1 ؋ 10 5 daltons. These molecular masses imply that GalXM is the most numerous polysaccharide in the capsule on a molar basis. The radius of gyration of the capsular polysaccharides ranged between 68 and 208 nm. Viscosity measurements suggest that neither polysaccharide altered fluid dynamics during infection since GXM behaved in solution as a polyelectrolyte and GalXM did not increase solution viscosity. Immunoblot analysis indicated heterogeneity within GXM. In agreement with this, scanning transmission electron microscopy of GXM preparations revealed a tangled network of two different types of molecules. Mass per length measurements from light scattering and scanning transmission electron microscopy were consistent and suggested GXM molecules self-associate. A mechanism for capsule growth is proposed based on the extracellular release and entanglement of GXM molecules.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physical Properties of the Capsular Polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans Suggest Features for Capsule Construction

McFadden¹,

Jesus

Casadevall

2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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124

161

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“…The fi bers of these extracellular polysaccharide may trap water molecules. Glucuronoxylomannan is synthesized in the cytoplasm of C. neoformans (Feldmesser et al, 2001); it has urease activity and the ability to assimilate raffi nose, a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose (Garcia-Rivera et al, 2004). The results for C. neoformans agree with those of this research: although species of basidiomycetous yeast have urease activity, those species producing extracellular polysaccharides (such as Cryptococcus aquaticus, Filobasidium globisporum, and Tremella aurantia) are able to assimilate raffi nose (Barnet et al, 2000).…”

Section: Survival Rates Depend On Cell Wall Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of yeasts stored after freeze-drying or liquid-drying

Miyamoto‐Shinohara¹,

Nozawa²,

Sukenobe³

et al. 2010

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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IntroductionFreeze-drying and L-drying are popular methods of preserving microorganisms, because long-term viability is excellent in most cases and the storage and distribution requirements are simple. By plotting the survival curves of freeze-dried species sealed under high vacuum ( 1 Pa) and stored at 5 C in the dark, we previously found that the survival rates of Gram-positive bacteria immediately after freeze-drying and during storage were higher than those of Gram-negative bacteria (Miyamoto-Shinohara et al., 2008). In addition, the survival rate of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae immediately after freeze-drying was lower than those of bacterial species, although S. cerevisiae survival rates were stable during storage (Miyamoto-Shinohara et al., 2000.To increase the survival rates of S. cerevisiae strains, we tested the applicability of L-drying, in which cells are desiccated by vacuum evaporation at room temperature. In contrast, during freeze-drying, cells are desiccated by sublimation. L-drying is effective for the long-term preservation of cultures sensitive to freezedrying (Malik, 1990(Malik, , 1999. In this research, yeast strains were L-dried according to the method of the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (Banno et al., 1979), in which the cell suspension was dispensed into a glass ampoule (in the same way as for freeze-drying) and a cotton wool plug was inserted to prevent the temperature in the ampoule from falling to the freezing point (Iijima and Sakane, 1973).To clarify the mechanisms underlying tolerance to L-drying and freeze-drying, we investigated the survival of type strains of various yeast species. The survival J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 56, 107 119 (2010) We investigated

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“…It is well demonstrated now that the lack of a capsule [13][14][15][16] and modification of the capsule structure alter the virulence of the strain. 17 In this study, our objective was to investigate the early events associated with C. neoformans crossing of the BBB.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Capsule Structure Changes Associated with Cryptococcus neoformans Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier

Charlier

Chrétien

Baudrimont

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Pathology

185

188

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Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast responsible for disseminated meningoencephalitis in patients with cellular immune defects. The major virulence factor is the polysaccharide capsule. We took advantage of a relevant murine model of disseminated meningoencephalitis to study the early events associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours post-intravenous inoculation, and classical histology, electron microscopy, and double immunofluorescence were used to study tissues and yeasts. Crossing of the BBB occurred early after inoculation, did not involve the choroid plexus but instead occurred at the level of the cortical capillaries, and caused early and severe damage to the structure of the microvessels. Seeding of the leptomeninges was not the primary event but occurred secondary to leakage of cortical pseudocysts. Organ invasion was associated with changes in cryptococcal capsule structure and cell size, which differed in terms of magnitude and kinetics, depending on both the organs involved, and potentially, on the bed structure of the local capillary. The rapid changes in capsule structure could contribute to inability of the host immune response to control cryptococcal infection in extrapulmonary spaces.

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Cryptococcus neoformans CAP59 (or Cap59p) Is Involved in the Extracellular Trafficking of Capsular Glucuronoxylomannan

Cited by 104 publications

References 30 publications

The Physical Properties of the Capsular Polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans Suggest Features for Capsule Construction

The Physical Properties of the Capsular Polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans Suggest Features for Capsule Construction

Survival of yeasts stored after freeze-drying or liquid-drying

Capsule Structure Changes Associated with Cryptococcus neoformans Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier

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