<i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>Genotype VGIIa Infection in Man, Japan, 2007

Okamoto, Koh; Hatakeyama, S.; Itoyama, Satoru; Nukui, Yoko; Yoshino, Yusuke; Kitazawa, Takatoshi; Yotsuyanagi, Hiroshi; Ikeda, Reiko; Sugita, Takashi; Koike, Kazuo

doi:10.3201/eid1607.100106

Cited by 67 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Given that VGII is the predominant molecular type (VGI is uncommon) in north/northeastern Brazil but not in the southern part of the country, those authors postulated that the ecological niche of this genotype may be expanding (223). Support for the notion that the niche of the VGII genotype is evolving is the observation of infection caused by molecular type VGIIa in a Japanese patient in Tokyo with no history of travel to an area of known endemicity; VGIIa genotype strains have not previously been documented in Japan (249). Further environmental surveillance is needed to determine new reservoirs of C. gattii.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Single cases of infection have also been reported in the United States, including New England (85,243,247), New Mexico (272), and Florida (253); Europe (91,95,106,245); Asia, including Japan and Singapore (227,246,249); and South America (223,256). Most recently, Harris et al reported 25 cases, inclusive of previously described patients (247,253) diagnosed between 2009 and 2012, from Montana, Alabama, California, Hawaii, and Michigan; none of these patients had traveled to areas of C. gattii endemicity (251).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5) (29, 99). VGII genotype strains were isolated from otherwise healthy Brazilian patients and a single patient each from Japan, Holland, and Florida; all had CNS disease (222,238,249,256).…”

Section: Sites Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcus gattii Infections

2014

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SUMMARY Understanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cryptococcus gattii has been advanced by modern molecular techniques. C. gattii probably diverged from Cryptococcus neoformans between 16 million and 160 million years ago, depending on the dating methods applied, and maintains diversity by recombining in nature. South America is the likely source of the virulent C. gattii VGII molecular types that have emerged in North America. C. gattii shares major virulence determinants with C. neoformans , although genomic and transcriptomic studies revealed that despite similar genomes, the VGIIa and VGIIb subtypes employ very different transcriptional circuits and manifest differences in virulence phenotypes. Preliminary evidence suggests that C. gattii VGII causes severe lung disease and death without dissemination, whereas C. neoformans disseminates readily to the central nervous system (CNS) and causes death from meningoencephalitis. Overall, currently available data indicate that the C. gattii VGI, VGII, and VGIII molecular types more commonly affect nonimmunocompromised hosts, in contrast to VGIV. New, rapid, cheap diagnostic tests and imaging modalities are assisting early diagnosis and enabling better outcomes of cerebral cryptococcosis. Complications of CNS infection include increased intracranial pressure, severe neurological sequelae, and development of immune reconstitution syndrome, although the mortality rate is low. C. gattii VGII isolates may exhibit higher fluconazole MICs than other genotypes. Optimal therapeutic regimens are yet to be determined; in most cases, initial therapy with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine is recommended.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Epidemiology Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcus gattii Infections

2014

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“…Nevertheless, the first case report of a patient in Japan infected with Cr. gattii genotype VGIIa noted that the patient had no recent history of travel to any disease endemic areas (40), suggesting that the virulent strain may have spread to regions outside North America. Cr.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Concurrent Subcutaneous Candidal Abscesses and Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in a Patient with Diabetes Mellitus and a History of Corticosteroid Therapy

et al. 2014

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A 50-year-old man with a history of long-term corticosteroid treatment following adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was admitted for an examination of an abnormal thoracic shadow. Cryptococcal serum antigens were positive, and the histopathology of a lung biopsy showed encapsulated yeast resembling Cryptococcus neoformans. On admission, the serum β-D-glucan level was approximately twice the cutoff value, several nodules were observed on both legs and magnetic resonance imaging revealed subcutaneous abscesses. Candida albicans was identified from needle aspirates, and the patient was successfully treated with fluconazole and flucytosine. We herein report the first case of concurrent C. albicans skin abscesses and pulmonary cryptococcosis.

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“…It occurs occasionally to AIDS patients that they get opportunistic infection of pathogenic bacteria, especially tuberculosis infection of Candida albidus, Mycobacterium co-infected with tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, G Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and so on [1]- [4]. In the Cryptococcus, Cryptococcus neoformans is the main, but Cryptococcus albicans is rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on Immune Tolerance and Resistance Mechanism of <i>Cryptococcus albidus</i> of AIDS Patients with Opportunistic Cryptococci Infection

Yang¹,

Su²,

Mo³

2015

AID

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Objective: To explore more about the immune tolerance and drug resistance of white Cryptococci albidus in AIDS patients with opportunistic Cryptococcus infection. Methods: To analyze drug resistance of the samples of white Cryptococcus albidus extracted from opportunistic infection AIDS patients in the certain infection area from October 2011 to December 2014. Results: After analyzing two samples of Cryptococcus albidus from 885 cases with opportunistic infection, we found that one of the samples do resist to ten common antibiotics. They were fluconazole, flu-cytosine, fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B, MI miconazole, terbinafine, ketoconazole and itraconazole. The other one was sensitive to voriconazole, but resistant to the rest of the drug. Two strains of bacteria were inoculated into the animals in vivo and their DNA was extracted to carry out the genotyping analysis. The results showed that different degrees of resistance gene amplification bands were found in the 10 kinds of antibiotics. Conclusion: Although there were few opportunistic infection Cryptococcus albidus in AIDS patients, it was easy to show its resistance to drugs. Therefore, great attention should be paid to it for the medical workers.

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Cryptococcus gattiiGenotype VGIIa Infection in Man, Japan, 2007

Cited by 67 publications

References 14 publications

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

Concurrent Subcutaneous Candidal Abscesses and Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in a Patient with Diabetes Mellitus and a History of Corticosteroid Therapy

Analysis on Immune Tolerance and Resistance Mechanism of <i>Cryptococcus albidus</i> of AIDS Patients with Opportunistic Cryptococci Infection

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Cryptococcus gattiiGenotype VGIIa Infection in Man, Japan, 2007

Cited by 67 publications

References 14 publications

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

Concurrent Subcutaneous Candidal Abscesses and Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in a Patient with Diabetes Mellitus and a History of Corticosteroid Therapy

Analysis on Immune Tolerance and Resistance Mechanism of &lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus albidus&lt;/i&gt; of AIDS Patients with Opportunistic Cryptococci Infection

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Analysis on Immune Tolerance and Resistance Mechanism of <i>Cryptococcus albidus</i> of AIDS Patients with Opportunistic Cryptococci Infection