<i>Control of Blood Flow to the Extremities at Low Ambient Temperatures</i>

Rapaport, Samuel I.; Fetcher, E. S.; Shaub, Howard G.; Hall, John F.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1949.2.2.61

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Even at air temperatures below )30°C, the skin temperature of bare hands can be sustained above 21°C (Rapaport et al 1949). Therefore, it is rather likely that the body core temperature influences the hunting reaction.…”

Section: Experimental Factors Affecting Civdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Daanen¹

2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

237

247

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Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in the finger tips generally occurs 5-10 min after the start of local cold exposure of the extremities. This phenomenon is believed to reduce the risk of local cold injuries. However, CIVD is almost absent during hypothermia, when survival of the organism takes precedence over the survival of peripheral tissue. Subjects that are often exposed to local cold (e.g. fish filleters) develop an enhanced CIVD response. Also, differences between ethnic groups are obvious, with black people having the weakest CIVD response. Many other factors affect CIVD, such as diet, alcohol consumption, altitude, age and stress. CIVD is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of neurotransmitters from the sympathetic nerves to the muscular coat of the arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) due to local cold. AVAs are specific thermoregulatory organs that regulate blood flow in the cold and heat. Their relatively large diameter enables large amounts of blood to pass and convey heat to the surrounding tissue. Unfortunately, information on the quantity of AVAs is lacking, which makes it difficult to estimate the full impact on peripheral blood flow. This review illustrates the thermospecificity of the AVAs and the close link to CIVD. CIVD is influenced by many parameters, but controlled experiments yield information on how CIVD protects the extremities against cold injuries.

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Section: Experimental Factors Affecting Civdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Daanen¹

2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

237

247

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“…The tips of the fingers are the first region of the hand to cool down in response to body cooling, and they are the first to re-warm in response to active body heating (Rapaport et al 1949). Therefore, much like the sensitivity of the fingers to changes in the thermal state of the body (Daanen et al 1997;Daanen and Ducharme 1999), it is hypothesized that the acral regions of the face, such as the nose, are also more sensitive to changes in the thermal state of the body, and hence will stay warmer relative to other parts of the face during exercise in the cold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind

Brajkovic

Ducharme

2006

Eur J Appl Physiol

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One purpose of this study was to characterize the facial skin temperature and cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) response of 12 subjects (six males and six females) during exposure to cold wind (i.e., -10 to 10 degrees C; 2, 5, and 8 m/s wind speed). This study found that at each wind speed, facial skin temperature decreased as ambient temperature decreased. The percentage of subjects showing facial CIVD decreased significantly at an ambient temperature above -10 degrees C. A similar CIVD percentage was observed between 0 degrees C dry and 10 degrees C wet (face sprayed with fine water mist) at each wind speed. No CIVDs were observed during the 10 degrees C dry condition at any wind speed. The incidence of CIVD response was more uniform across facial sites when there was a greater cold stress (i.e., -10 degrees C and 8 m/s wind). Another objective of the study was to examine the effect of the thermal state of the body (as reflected by core temperature) on the facial skin temperature response during rest and exercise. This study found that nose skin temperature was significantly higher in exercising subjects with an elevated core temperature even though there was no significant difference in face skin temperature between the two conditions. Therefore, this finding suggests that acral regions of the face, such as the nose, are more sensitive to changes in the thermal state of the body, and hence will stay warmer relative to other parts of the face during exercise in the cold.

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“…Thermal face protection would also likely be advantageous when sleeping in the cold, where increased thermal comfort could improve sleep quality. Rapaport et al (1949) reported that extremity cooling occurs when heat loss exceeds heat production by »12-15 W. If clothing insulation over the rest of the body were suYcient to limit heat loss, this suggests that thermal face protection would become important for maintaining extremity temperatures at ambient temperatures below ¡5 to ¡10°C, where heat loss from the face would be 13-14 W (Froese and Burton 1957). If wholebody insulation is inadequate, thermal face protection becomes more important for limiting body heat loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapaport et al (1949) reported that hands and feet will cool when whole-body heat loss exceeds heat production by 15%. Such a diVerence can easily occur with a bare face at low temperatures, because although the surface area of the face is small (»0.04 m 2 ), there is minimal vasoconstriction in this region, resulting in a high rate of heat loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal face protection delays finger cooling and improves thermal comfort during cold air exposure

2011

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When people dress for cold weather, the face often remains exposed. Facial cooling can decrease finger blood flow, reducing finger temperature (T (f)). This study examined whether thermal face protection limits finger cooling and thereby improves thermal comfort and manual dexterity during prolonged cold exposure. T (f) was measured in ten volunteers dressed in cold-weather clothing as they stood for 60 min facing the wind (-15°C, 3 m s(-1)), once while wearing a balaclava and goggles (BAL), and once with the balaclava pulled down and without goggles (CON). Subjects removed mitts, wearing only thin gloves to perform Purdue Pegboard (PP) tests at 15 and 50 min, and Minnesota Rate of Manipulation (MRM) tests at 30 and 55 min. Subjects rated their thermal sensation and comfort just before the dexterity tests. T (f) decreased (p < 0.05 for time × trial interaction) by 15 min of cold exposure during CON (33.6 ± 1.4-28.7 ± 2.0°C), but not during BAL (33.2 ± 1.4-30.6 ± 3.2°C); and after 30 min T (f) remained warmer during BAL (23.3 ± 5.9°C) than CON (19.2 ± 3.5); however, by 50 min, T (f) was no different between trials (14.1 ± 2.7°C). Performance on PP fell (p < 0.05) by 25% after 50 min in both trials; MRM performance was not altered by cold on either trial. Subjects felt colder (p < 0.05) and more uncomfortable (p < 0.05) during CON, compared to BAL. Thermal face protection was effective for maintaining warmer T (f) and thermal comfort during cold exposure; however, local cooling of the hands during manual dexterity tests reduced this physiological advantage, and performance was not improved.

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Control of Blood Flow to the Extremities at Low Ambient Temperatures

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind

Thermal face protection delays finger cooling and improves thermal comfort during cold air exposure

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