<i>Clostridium difficile</i>in Retail Ground Meat, Canada

Rodriguez-Palacios, Alexander; Staempfli, H. R.; Duffield, T.F.; Weese, J. Scott

doi:10.3201/eid1303.060988

Cited by 225 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The prevalence of C. difficile found in this study is similar to that found in other recent Canadian studies (11,12) but is lower than that reported in a study from the United States (17). This should not be taken as an indication of regional variation in contamination because of the different methods that were used and the different products that were tested.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…One earlier study of retail meat reported that 73% of isolates were ribotype 078 with 27% being ribotype 027 (17). Another retail meat study did not find either ribotype 027 or 078, but the most common strain was closely related to ribotype 027, being toxinotype III and classified as North American pulsotype 1, the PFGE designation for ribotype 027 (12). In this study, ribotype 078 predominated while ribotype 027 and a related toxinotype III strain were also found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Initial studies have reported isolation of C. difficile from 4.6 to 45% of retail meat samples (11,12,17). However, all studies have used broth enrichment protocols, which could detect very low spore numbers and provide no information about the number of organisms present in a sample.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to humans, C. difficile can be found in the intestinal tracts of a variety of animal species, including food animals, such as cattle and pigs (7,10,13). Clostridium difficile has also been found in retail meat (11,12,17), and concerns about the role of food in the epidemiology of community-associated C. difficile infection (CA-CDI) have been expressed (5,8,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and Enumeration ofClostridium difficileSpores in Retail Beef and Pork

Weese

Avery

Rousseau

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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158

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Recent studies have identified Clostridium difficile in food animals and retail meat, and concern has been raised about the potential for food to act as a source of C. difficile infection in humans. Previous studies of retail meat have relied on enrichment culture alone, thereby preventing any assessment of the level of contamination in meat. This study evaluated the prevalence of C. difficile contamination of retail ground beef and ground pork in Canada. Ground beef and ground pork were purchased from retail outlets in four Canadian provinces. Quantitative and enrichment culture was performed. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 28/230 (12%) samples overall: 14/115 (12%) ground beef samples and 14/115 (12%) ground pork samples (P ‫؍‬ 1.0). For ground beef, 10/14 samples (71%) were positive by enrichment culture only. Of the 4 ground beef samples that were positive by direct culture, 20 spores/g were present in 2 while 120 and 240 spores/g were present in 1 each. For ground pork, 10/14 (71%) samples were positive by enrichment culture only. Of the 4 ground pork samples that were positive by direct culture, 20 spores/g were present in 3 while 60 spores/g were present in 1. Ribotype 078 predominated, consistent with some previous studies of C. difficile in food animals. Ribotype 027/North American pulsotype 1 was also identified in both retail beef and pork. This study has identified relatively common contamination of retail ground beef and pork with C. difficile spores; however, the levels of contamination were very low.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Detection and Enumeration ofClostridium difficileSpores in Retail Beef and Pork

Weese

Avery

Rousseau

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

158

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“…Many of these strains were of ribotypes associated with C. difficile infection in humans and food animals (RODRIGUEZ-PALACIOS et al, 2007;BAKRI et al, 2009;SONGER et al, 2009). It is also important to note that the two most common toxigenic ribotypes in pigs, which account for 90% and 80% of isolates, respectively, are also recognized as causes of C. difficile disease in humans (ARROYO et al, 2007).…”

Section: ----------------Elisa (%)----------------Pigletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, and isolation of Clostridium difficile in piglets in Minas Gerais, Brazil

et al. 2011

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Association Between Environmental Factors and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Carriage at Hospital Admission

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile infection is the most frequent health care-associated infection in the United States. However, exposure to this organism might occur outside the health care setting. OBJECTIVE To examine whether exposure to environmental factors, such as livestock farms, is associated with a higher probability of being colonized with C difficile at hospital admission. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study was conducted from May 1, 2017, to June 30, 2018, at a teaching-affiliated hospital in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. All consecutive patients underwent C difficile screening using a nucleic acid amplification test at hospital admission. Data analyses were performed from July 2018 to October 2019. EXPOSURES The distances from patient residence to the nearest livestock farms, meat processing plants, raw materials services, and sewage facilities were measured in addition to risk factors previously evaluated in other studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was a positive result on C difficile screening tests performed within 72 hours of hospital admission. RESULTS A total of 3043 patients admitted to the hospital were included in the final analysis. Of those, 1564 (51.4%) were women and 2074 (68.9%) were white, with a mean (SD) age of 62.0 (15.9) years; 978 patients (32.1%) were admitted to hematology-oncology units. At first admission, 318 patients (10.4%) were detected through testing as C difficile carriers. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed on a stratified sample of patients based on hematology-oncology admission status. These analyses indicated that although patients admitted to hematology-oncology units were 35% more likely to be colonized with C difficile, no significant association existed between their sociodemographic and economic characteristics or health care and environmental exposures and the likelihood of a positive C difficile test result. In contrast, among patients admitted to non-hematology-oncology units, comorbidities increased the likelihood for colonization by more than 4 times; women had 60% greater colonization than men, and a history of recent hospitalization (ie, within the preceding 6 months) increased the likelihood of colonization by 70%. Residential proximity to livestock farms were all significantly associated with a higher likelihood of a positive C difficile test result. Residential proximity to livestock farms more than doubled the probability of C difficile colonization in patients admitted to non-hematology-oncology units. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A shorter distance between residence and livestock farms was associated with C difficile colonization. Knowledge of the epidemiology of C difficile in the community (continued) Key Points Question Is an individual's location of residence associated with asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic Clostridiodes difficile? Findings In this cohort study of 3043 adult participants admitted to the hospital, patients who lived closer to livestock farms had a higher likelihood...

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Clostridium difficilein Retail Ground Meat, Canada

Cited by 225 publications

References 13 publications

Detection and Enumeration ofClostridium difficileSpores in Retail Beef and Pork

Detection and Enumeration ofClostridium difficileSpores in Retail Beef and Pork

Detection of enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, and isolation of Clostridium difficile in piglets in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Association Between Environmental Factors and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Carriage at Hospital Admission

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